CHAPTER 15

Question 1

Autonomic means

Answer 1

-self governed
-independent of our will, carries actions involuntary
-regulates heart rate (cardiac muscle) temperature, smooth muscle

Question 2

ANS can also be called

Answer 2

visceral motor system

Question 3

Denervation hypersensitivity

Answer 3

exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscles if autonomic nerves were severed

Question 4

visceral reflexes

Answer 4

automatic responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors/effectors

Question 5

visceral reflex arch

Answer 5

Receptors: nerve endings detecting tissue damage etc
* Afferent neurons: lead to CNS
* Integrating center: interneurons in the CNS
* Efferent neurons: carry motor signals away from the CNS
* Effectors: carry out end response (muscles, glands)

Question 6

PNS arch starts where, what is everything else

Answer 6

starts at vagus to effector

everything else is CNS

Question 7

sympathetic division

Answer 7

-fight or flight
-widespread effect
-prepares body for physical activity
-ACh and NE
-trauma, anger, fear
-increase in heart rate, pupils dilate

Question 8

parasympathetic

Answer 8

-rest and digest
-ACh only
-calms body and reduces energy
-effects more local

Question 9

autonomic tone

Answer 9

normal background rate of activity that represents the balance of the two systems according to the body’s
needs

Question 10

parasympathetic tone

Answer 10

Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines
* Holds resting heart rate down to about 70 to 80 beats per minute

Question 11

sympathetic tone

Answer 11

Keeps most blood vessels partially constricted and maintains blood
pressure

Question 12

ANS has components in both

Answer 12

CNS and PNS

Question 13

somatic pathway

Answer 13

-one motor neuron from brainstem to skel muscle
-no ganglia
-NT = ACh

Question 14

autonomic pathway

Answer 14

-signal passes two motor neurons to reach target organ (first in brainstem or spinal cord and second at ganglion)
–have myelinated pre and unmyelinated postganglionic
-one pre gang can fan out to many

Question 15

Syma vs Para divisons

Answer 15

-thoracolumbar
-craniosacral

Question 16

Sympathetic nerve fibers are distributed to

Answer 16

every level of
the body

Question 17

Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla

Answer 17

AC: outer layer

AM: inner layer, ganglion, Secretes hormones into bloodstream (adrenaline and noradrenaline)

Question 18

Enteric nervous system

Answer 18

the nervous system of the digestive tract, regulates motility

Question 19

Dual Innervation Antagonistic effects

Answer 19

oppose each other (most common)
-same effector cells Heart rate dec (parasympathetic) Heart rate inc (sympathetic)
-

Question 20

Dual Innervation Cooperative effects

Answer 20

when two divisions act on different
effectors to produce a unified effect

-Parasympathetics increase salivary serous cell secretion
* Sympathetics increase salivary mucous cell secretion

Question 21

Control Without Dual Innervation

Answer 21

Some effectors receive only sympathetic fibers
* Adrenal medulla, arrector muscles, sweat glands, and
many blood vessels

Question 22

Control Without Dual Innervation: vastor motor tone

Answer 22

-firing frequency

Increase in firing frequency—vasoconstriction (being cold)
* Decrease in firing frequency—vasodilation

Question 23

Central Control of Autonomic Function – ANS regulated by several levels of CNS

Answer 23

-cerebral cortex- anger fear
-hypothalamus- motor control
-mid, pons, med
-spinal cord reflex