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Biology > Chapter 15- Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 15- Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Gas exchange
  • Regulation of blood pH
  • Voice production
  • Olfaction
  • Innate immunity
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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Breathing

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2
Q

How can the respiratory be divided?

A
  • Upper Respiratory Tract

- Lower Respiratory Tract

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3
Q

Name the parts of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • External nose
  • Nasal cavity
  • Pharynx
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4
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the sinus

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5
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Filters
  • Airway for respiration
  • Olfactory receptors
  • Warms air
  • Sneezing dislodges materials from nose
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6
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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7
Q

What looks like “little grapes”?

A

Uvula

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8
Q

What prevents food/drink from entering the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

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9
Q

What type of cartilage is the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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10
Q

Describe vocal cords.

A

Two ligamentous folds form the vocal cords.

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11
Q

What type of epithelial cells are primarily found in the rspiratory system?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified

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12
Q

Describe bronchi.

A

They divide from the trachea and connect to the lungs.

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13
Q

What is the primary organ of the respiratory system?

A

Lungs

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14
Q

How many lobes are on the right lung?

A

There are 3 lobes on the right.

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15
Q

How many lobes are on the left side?

A

There are 2 lobes on the left

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16
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Lungs (Respiratory Membrane)

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17
Q

What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?

A
  • Thin layer of fluid from alveolus
  • Alveolar epithelium
  • Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
  • Thin interstitial place
  • Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
  • Capillary endothelium
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18
Q

What allows lungs to expand and recoil?

A

Rib cage

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19
Q

When is surfactant produced?

A

At the last 6 weeks of gestation

20
Q

Why is it surfactant important?

A

It keeps the lungs from collapsing

21
Q

What are the layers of the pleural membrane?

A

Thoracic cavity and Pleura

22
Q

What is the function of the pleura cavity?

A

Allows movement of membranes during respiration.

23
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Process of moving air in and out of lungs.

24
Q

What are the phases of ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

25
Q

Why is the diaphragm so important?

A

It is a skeletal muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.

26
Q

Explain the principles that allow for air to flow in and out?

A
  1. Change in volume -> change in pressure
    - when thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases
    - when thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases
  2. Air flows from areas of high to low pressure
27
Q

What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

Volume increases, pressure decreases

28
Q

Describe atmospheric vs. alveolar pressure during expiration.

A

In expiration, alveolar pressure is greater than (high) atmospheric pressure (low).

29
Q

What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during expiration?

A

Volume decreases, pressure increases

30
Q

What is lung recoil?

A

Tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size.

31
Q

Define tidal volume.

A

Volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing.

32
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total Lung Capacity

TLC=VC+RV

33
Q

Define IRV

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

- volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration

34
Q

Define ERV

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume

- volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration.

35
Q

Define RV

A

Residual Volume

- volume of air remaining in lungs after a max. expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer)

36
Q

What is vital capacity? How is it calculated?

A
  • max amount of air a person can expire after a max inspiration.
    VC=IRV+ERV+TV
37
Q

What factors influence pulmonary exchange?

A
  • lung elasticity
  • lung compliance
  • respiratory passageway resistance
38
Q

What influences gas exchange?

A
  • thickness of membrane
  • total area of membrane
  • partial pressure of gases
39
Q

Describe the surface area of our lungs. How is it changed/damged?

A

Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball court). It decreases due to removal of lung tissue, destruction from cancer, and emphysema.

40
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.

41
Q

How does diffusion work in the lungs?

A

O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood). CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.

42
Q

What is Hering-Breuer Reflex?

A

Inhibits respiratory center when lungs are stretched during inspiration.

43
Q

Where is ventilation controlled?

A

By neurons in medulla oblongata

44
Q

What is the normal ventilation rate?

A

12-20 resp./min

45
Q

How do chemoreceptors in aorta effect ventilation?

A

Low blood levels of O2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies, increased breathing.

46
Q

Where else are chemoreceptors that effect ventilation?

A

Medulla oblongata

47
Q

What are some of the respiratory diseases we discussed in class?

A

Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Tuberculosis, and Pneumonia.

48
Q

What is asthma?

A

Increased constriction of the trachea when under stress, both physical and emotional.

Biology (9 decks)

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