Chapter 15- Respiration Flashcards
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
- Gas exchange
- Regulation of blood pH
- Voice production
- Olfaction
- Innate immunity
What is respiration?
Breathing
How can the respiratory be divided?
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Lower Respiratory Tract
Name the parts of the upper respiratory tract?
- External nose
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
What is sinusitis?
Inflammation of the sinus
What are the functions of the nose?
- Filters
- Airway for respiration
- Olfactory receptors
- Warms air
- Sneezing dislodges materials from nose
What are the parts of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What looks like “little grapes”?
Uvula
What prevents food/drink from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
What type of cartilage is the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage
Describe vocal cords.
Two ligamentous folds form the vocal cords.
What type of epithelial cells are primarily found in the rspiratory system?
Ciliated pseudostratified
Describe bronchi.
They divide from the trachea and connect to the lungs.
What is the primary organ of the respiratory system?
Lungs
How many lobes are on the right lung?
There are 3 lobes on the right.
How many lobes are on the left side?
There are 2 lobes on the left
Where does gas exchange occur?
Lungs (Respiratory Membrane)
What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?
- Thin layer of fluid from alveolus
- Alveolar epithelium
- Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
- Thin interstitial place
- Basement membrane of capillary endothelium
- Capillary endothelium
What allows lungs to expand and recoil?
Rib cage
When is surfactant produced?
At the last 6 weeks of gestation
Why is it surfactant important?
It keeps the lungs from collapsing
What are the layers of the pleural membrane?
Thoracic cavity and Pleura
What is the function of the pleura cavity?
Allows movement of membranes during respiration.
What is ventilation?
Process of moving air in and out of lungs.
What are the phases of ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
Why is the diaphragm so important?
It is a skeletal muscle that separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Explain the principles that allow for air to flow in and out?
- Change in volume -> change in pressure
- when thoracic cavity volume increases, pressure decreases
- when thoracic cavity volume decreases, pressure increases - Air flows from areas of high to low pressure
What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during inspiration?
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Describe atmospheric vs. alveolar pressure during expiration.
In expiration, alveolar pressure is greater than (high) atmospheric pressure (low).
What happens to volume of thoracic cavity during expiration?
Volume decreases, pressure increases
What is lung recoil?
Tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size.
Define tidal volume.
Volume of air inspired and expired during quiet breathing.
What is TLC?
Total Lung Capacity
TLC=VC+RV
Define IRV
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
- volume of air that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration
Define ERV
Expiratory Reserve Volume
- volume of air that can be expired forcefully after a normal expiration.
Define RV
Residual Volume
- volume of air remaining in lungs after a max. expiration (can’t be measured with spirometer)
What is vital capacity? How is it calculated?
- max amount of air a person can expire after a max inspiration.
VC=IRV+ERV+TV
What factors influence pulmonary exchange?
- lung elasticity
- lung compliance
- respiratory passageway resistance
What influences gas exchange?
- thickness of membrane
- total area of membrane
- partial pressure of gases
Describe the surface area of our lungs. How is it changed/damged?
Total surface area is 70 square meters (basketball court). It decreases due to removal of lung tissue, destruction from cancer, and emphysema.
What is partial pressure?
Pressure exerted by a specific gas in a mixture of gases.
How does diffusion work in the lungs?
O2 diffuses from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries (blood). CO2 diffuses from capillaries into alveoli.
What is Hering-Breuer Reflex?
Inhibits respiratory center when lungs are stretched during inspiration.
Where is ventilation controlled?
By neurons in medulla oblongata
What is the normal ventilation rate?
12-20 resp./min
How do chemoreceptors in aorta effect ventilation?
Low blood levels of O2 stimulate chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies, increased breathing.
Where else are chemoreceptors that effect ventilation?
Medulla oblongata
What are some of the respiratory diseases we discussed in class?
Strep throat, Scarlet fever, Tuberculosis, and Pneumonia.
What is asthma?
Increased constriction of the trachea when under stress, both physical and emotional.
