Chapter 10- The Endocrine System Flashcards
What organ plays a big role in maintaining the water balance in the endocrine system?
Kidneys
What are the parts of the Endocrine system?
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid, Thymus gland, Adrenal Glands, Ovaries (female), Pineal body, Parathyroids (posterior part of thyroid), Pancreas (islets), and Testes (male).
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Endocrine glands, and chemical signal
What are endocrine glands?
Secrete their product directly into the blood stream.
What is a chemical signal?
Molecules that are released from one location, move to another location, and produce a response.
What are the types of chemical signals?
Intracellular, and intercellular
What is intracellular?
Produce in one part of a cell and move to another part of the same cell.
What is intercellular?
Released from one cell and bind to receptors on another cell.
What are the types of intercellular signals?
Autocrine, Paracrine, Neurotransmitter and neuromodulators, Pheromones, and Hormones and neurohormones.
What is an autocrine?
Released by cells and have a local effect on same cell type.
What is Paracrine?
Released by cells that affect other cell types in close proximity.
What is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator?
Secreted by nerve cells.
What are pheromones?
Secreted into environment and modify behavior and physiology of other individual in the same species.
What are hormones and neurohormones?
Secreted into blood and bind to receptor sites.
What are the components of hormones?
Receptor site, Target tissues, and Specificity.
What are receptor sites?
Locations on a cell where hormone binds (lock)
What are target tissues?
Group of cells that respond to specific hormones
What is specificity?
Specific hormones bind to specific receptor sites
How do hormones work?
Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands directly into bloodstream and then travel to all parts of the body. Hormones (key) then bind to receptor site (lock) on target tissue and response occurs.
What are the types of hormones?
Water Soluble, and Lipid hormones
What is water soluble?
Does not penetrate cell wall and includes proteins, peptides, and amino acids. Water solubles are the most common.
What are lipid hormones?
They penetrate the cell membrane and includes steroids, and eicosanoids.
What are the regulation of hormones?
- Blood levels of chemicals
- Other hormones
- Nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Negative feedback
Where is the pituitary gland located in?
Diencephalon
What is a pituitary gland?
Small gland in the brain, controlled by the hypothalamus, divided into 2 regions: anterior and posterior, and secretes at least 6 hormones. It is connected to the hypothalamus.
What is part of the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone, Thyroid-StimulatingHormone (TSH), LH (Luteinizing) for females, LH for males, FSH (Follicle-Stimulating) for females, FSH for males, and Prolactin.
What does the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) control?
Controls the size and the growth of thyroid.
What is part of the posterior pituitary gland?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and Oxytocin
What is the Thyroid gland?
One of the largest glands, and requires iodine to function.
What is part of the thyroid gland?
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), and Calcitonin
What are the abnormalities of the thyroid glands?
Hypothyroidism, and Hyperthyroidism
What is Hypothyroidism?
- Decreased metabolism - Cretinism in infants
- Weight gain, reduced appetite, fatigue
- Low temperature and pulse
- Dry, cold skin
- Myxedema in adults
What is Hyperthyroidism?
- Increased metabolism
- Weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness
- Higher temperature and pulse
- Warm, flushed skin
- Graves’ disease (leads to goiter)
What is part of the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What do the osteoclasts do when Ca* is low?
Osteoclasts break down bone matrix and less Ca* is lost in urine.
What do the osteoclasts do when Ca* is high?
The osteoclasts don’t break down bone matrix and more Ca* is lost in urine.
What vitamin helps reabsorb calcium?
Vitamin D
What are Adrenal glands?
On kidneys, and it has 2 regions: medulla interior and cortex exterior
What is part of the adrenal medulla (inner portion)?
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
What is part of the adrenal cortex (outer portion)?
Aldosterone, Cortisol (or cortisone), and Androgens
Where is the pancreas located?
In the abdomen
What is part of the pancreas?
Insulin (Beta cell), and Glucagon (Alpha cell)
What happens in the testes (male)?
Testosterone
What happens in the ovaries (female)?
Estrogen/Progesterone
What is part of the thymus gland?
Thymosin
What is part of the pineal body (gland)?
Melatonin
