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bio 12 > chapter 15 quiz #2 > Flashcards

chapter 15 quiz #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the respiratory control centre?

A

The medulla oblongata

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2
Q

What is the role of the respiratory control centre?

A

Send signals to muscles that cause breathing to occur.

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3
Q

What are the two regions in the medulla that control breathing?

A

The ventral respiratory group and the dorsal respiratory group.

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4
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group control?

A

Expiratory breathing movements

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5
Q

What does the dorsal respiratory group control?

A

Inspiratory breathing movements.

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6
Q

Other than expiration and inhalation, what air movements does the medulla oblongata control?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Swallowing
  • Vomiting
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7
Q

What controls the respiratory rate?

A

The pons, under the medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Why does inspiration occur?

A

Increased firing in inspiratory nerves (phrenic and intercostal) and an increase of motor units to intercostal and diaphragm muscles causing contraction.

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9
Q

Why does expiration occur?

A

Impulses along inspiratory nerves cease.

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10
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The thin membrane between the rib cage and the lungs which helps the two slide against each other.

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11
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Within the sealed thoracic cavity.

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12
Q

In the respiratory system, where is there a continuous column of air?

A

From the pharynx to the alveoli in the lungs.

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13
Q

What sends signals via the vagus nerve for the respiratory centre to stop inhalation impulses?

A

Stretch receptors in the alveoli walls.

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14
Q

What does the respiration centre detect?

A

Whether lungs are full or empty, to activate phrenic nerve to stimulate diaphragm .

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15
Q

What elements stimulate activity in the respiratory centre?

A

CO2 and H+, not oxygen

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16
Q

What is a carotid?

A

In arteries that carry blood to head and neck.

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17
Q

What is the carotid sensitive to?

A

H+, CO2 and O2 levels in blood.

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18
Q

What are the aortic bodies sensitive to?

A

Blood O2 and CO2 levels, pH of blood.

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19
Q

What is a chemoreceptor?

A

A sensitive cell responsive to chemical stimuli.

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20
Q

What are the two types of chemoreceptors?

A

Central: in medulla oblongata. Peripheral: carotid and aortic bodies.

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21
Q

What is the role of the central chemoreceptors?

A

Sensitive to pH of environment.

22
Q

If the aortic bodies sense low oxygen concentration, what happens?

A

Breathing becomes faster and deeper.

23
Q

What happens when there are higher concentrations of CO2 and H+ in blood?

A

Breathing becomes faster and deeper.

24
Q

What cells influence respiration rate?

A

Carotid and aortic bodies.

25
Q

What is the order of nerves from respiratory centre to throat?

A

Respiratory centre (medulla oblongata), phrenic nerve, intercostal muscle/diaphragm, alveoli stretch receptors, vagus nerve.

26
Q

What directions do the phrenic and vagus nerves go?

A

Phrenic: from brain, vagus: to the brain.

27
Q

What is the role of the phrenic nerve?

A

Contracts muscles for breathing.

28
Q

What is the role of the vagus nerve?

A

Relaxes muscles for breathing.

29
Q

What is the formula for Carbaminohemoglobin?

A

HbCO2

30
Q

What is the role of HbCO2 and percentage CO2?

A

Carrier of CO2 in blood, 10%

31
Q

What is the formula for oxyhemoglobin?

A

HbO2

32
Q

What is the role of HbO2 and percentage O2

A

Main carrier of O2 in blood, 2.95%

33
Q

What is the formula for reduced hemoglobin?

A

HbH

34
Q

What is the role of HbH?

A

Formed when Hb picks up excess H+ ions in blood.

35
Q

What is the formula for bicarbonate ion?

A

HCO3

36
Q

What is the role of HCO3 cand percentage of CO2

A

Main carrier of CO2, 85%

37
Q

5% of CO2 and 5% of O2 in blood is found where?

A

plasma

38
Q

Where does H+ in blood come from?

A

Dissociation of H2CO3 (carbonic acid).

39
Q

What do you call the exchange of gases between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries?

A

External respiration.

40
Q

Describe external respiration in lungs?

A

CO2 leaves blood, O2 enters blood.

41
Q

What are the 4 chemical equations for external respiration?

A

Hb + O2 → HbO2

HbCO2 → Hb + CO2

HCO3- + H+ → H2CO3 →(carbonic anhydrase)→ H2O + CO2

HbH → Hb + H+

42
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A

Speeds up breakdown of carbonic acid.

43
Q

When do hemoglobin have a higher affinity for O2?

A

In lower temp

44
Q

How does CO2 leave blood?

A

carried in plasma as HCO3, diffuses into lungs

45
Q

How does O2 enter blood?

A

O2 diffuses from lungs to plasma and then to RBC

46
Q

What do you call the exchange of gas between blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid?

A

Internal respiration

47
Q

What happens in the internal respiration of the tissue?

A

O2 leaves blood, CO2 enters blood.

48
Q

What are the 4 chemical equations for internal respiration?

A
  1. HbO2 → Hb + O2
  2. Hb + CO2 → HbCO2
  3. CO2 + H2O →(carbonic anhydrase)→ H2C03 → HCO3- + H+
  4. Hb + H+ → HbH
49
Q

How does CO2 enter blood in the tissues?

A

Combines with hemoglobin or combines with water in plasma to form carbonic acid H2C03 which dissociates to H+ and HCO3

50
Q

Why does O2 enter tissues?

A

Because they have a higher temperature so Hb connects to it less

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