Chapter 15 Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Bones (oste)
provide the framework on which the body is
constructed, protect and support internal organs.
Joints (arthritis/o, articul/o)
places where bones come together. The bones are joined with each other by ligaments.
Muscles (my/o)
Whether attached to bones or to internal
organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movements. The
muscles attached to bones by tendons.
osseous (bony) tissue.
Bones are organ composed chiefly of connective tissue
Diaphysis
the shaft or middle region of
the bone.
Epiphysis
each end of bone.
Metaphysis
the flared portion of the
bone; it lies between epiphysis and
diaphysis.
Epiphyseal line or growth plate
an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly replaced
by new bone tissue as the bone grows.
Periosteum
strong, fibrous, vascular
membrane that covers the surface of bone.
Compact (cortical) bone
layer of dense
and hard bone lies under the periosteum.
Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
porous and less dense.
Bone head
Rounded end of the bone
Condyle
Rounded knuckle like process
Epicondyle
Small rounded process above the condyle
Trochanters
Large and small process for tendon attachments
Tuberosity/tubercle
Small round elevation where tendon and muscles attached
Fissure
Narrow groove or slit like opening
Foramen
Opening for blood vessels and nerves
Fossa
Shallow cavity in or a bone
Sinus
Hollow cavity within bone.
Calc/o, calci/o
Calcium
Decalcification
de- means lack of; calcification means calci/o calcium
calcium deposition .
Kyph/o
humpback
Kyphosis
This term indicates the hump on the back.
Lord/o
Curve
Lordosis
The normal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated.
Lumb/o
Loins, lower back
Lamin/o
Lamina
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of lamina and spinous
process of vertebra.
Myel/o
Bone marrow
Myelopoiesis
Production of bone marrow cells.
Oste/o
Bone
Osteitis
Inflammation of bone.
Orth/o
Straight
Orthopedics
Orth/O means straight and ped/o straight
means child. It is a specialty that focus on
musculoskeletal disease.
Scoli/o
Crooked, bent
Scoliosis
The spinal column is bent abnormally
to the side.
Spondyl/o
Vertebra
Spondylosis
Degeneration of the intervertebral
disks in the spinal column.
Vertebroplasty
Surgical repair of the vertebrae.
Clavicul/o
Clavicle, collar bone
Scaplu/o
Scapula, shoulder blade
Humer/o
Humerus, upper arm bone
Radi/o
Radius, radial bone, the outsider bone of arm
Uln/o
Ulna, forearm bone
Carp/o
Carpal bones, wrist bones
Metacarp/o
Metacarpal bones, hand bones
Phalang/o
Phalanges, fingers or toes
Acetabul/o
Acetabulum, hip socket
ili/o
Ilium, upper part of pelvic bone
Ischi/o
Ischium, posterior part of pelvic bone
Femur/o
Femur, thigh bone
Tibi/o
Tibia, bone of leg
Fibul/o
Fibula, leg bone outer
Malleol/o
Malleolus, process on each side of ankle
Tars/o
Tarsal, bones of hind foot
Metatars/o
Metatarsal, foot bone
Olecran/o
Olecranon, elbow
Patell/o
Patella, knee cap
Pelv/i
Pelvis, hipbone
Pub/o
Pubis, anterior part of the pelvis bone
Perone/o
Fibula
Crani/o
Cranium, without mandible
Stern/o
Sternum, breast bone, in the middle of chest
Cost/o
Ribs
Mandibul/o
Mandible, lower jawbone
Maxill/o
Maxilla, upper jawbone
Joint capsule
fibrous tissue surrounding a synovial joint.
Articular cartilage
Bones at the joints are covered with a smooth,
glistening white tissue called articular cartilage.
Synovial membrane
Lies under the joint capsule and lines the synovial cavity.
Synovial fluid
A special lubricating fluid produced by the synovial
membrane present in the synovial cavity.
Meniscus
It is a crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a joint cavity and act as a protective cushion.
Bursa
It is a closed sac of synovial fluid lined with the
synovial membrane that are located near the joint.
Tendon
It is a connective tissue structure that connects the muscle to the bone.
Ligaments
It is a connective tissue structure binding
bone with the bone
ankyl/o
stiff
Ankylosis
Stiffness of a joint
arthr/o
Joint
Arthroplasty
Surgical repair/replacement of a joint.
Arthrotomy
Creation of opening in the joint
articul/o
Joint, Articular cartilage
burs/o
bursa
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
Achondroplasia
An inherited condition in which bones of
the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation.
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
Watery flow
synov/o
Synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tendin/o
tendon
-desis
To bind, tie together
Arthrodesis
surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the bones.
-stenosis
Narrowing
Spinal stenosis
Narrowing of the spinal canal
Striated muscles
The muscles are striated as they shows striations under
microscope (Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks)
Voluntary muscles
The muscles are in our conscious control
Skeletal muscles
The muscles attached with the bones
Smooth Muscles
They are smooth as they forms sheet of fiber with no
striations.
Involuntary muscles
These muscles are not in our conscious control
Visceral muscles
Visceral as they are present in the viscera (internal organs)
Cardiac muscles
are present only in heart
Flexion
Decreasing the angle between the two bones; bending a limb.
Extension
Increasing the angle between the two bones; straightening out a limb.
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Rotation
Circular movement around an axis. Internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.
Dorsiflexion
Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or ceiling.
Plantar flexion
Motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes.
Supination
As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up.
Pronation
As applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down.
fasci/o
Fascia, forms heaths envelope muscle
Fasciotomy
fascia is to cut relieve tension or pressure on muscles.
fibr/o
Fibrous connective
tissue
Fibromyalgia
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles
leiomy/o
Smooth (visceral)
muscles
that lines
the walls of internal organs
Leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth muscles
Leiomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of
smooth muscles
My/o
Muscle
myocardia/o
Heart muscle
myos/o
Muscle
plant/o
Sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
Skeletal muscle rhabdomy/o
(striated) muscle connected to bones
Rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor of skeletal muscles
Rhabdomysarcoma
malignant tumor of skeletal muscles
sarco/o
Muscle and flesh
Sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging
-asthenia
Lack of strength
Myasthenia gravis
Muscles lose strength because of failure in transmission of the nerve impulse from the nerve to the muscle cells.
-trophy
Development, nourishment
Atrophy
Decrease in size of an organ and tissue
Hypertrophy
Increase in size of an organ and tissue
ab-
Away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
Back
poly-
Many, much
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor arising from the bone tissue.
Osteomalacia
Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone marrow secondary to infection.
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Decrease in the bone density leads to thinning and the weakening of the bone.
Gouty arthritis
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.
Osteoarthritis
progressive, degenerative joint disease with inflammation and loss of articular cartilage.
Dislocation
displacement of a bone
from its joints.
Ganglionic cyst
Fluid- filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons.
Muscular dystrophy
group of inherited disease characterized by
progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.
Arthrocentesis
Surgical; procedure to remove fluid from the joint space.
Arthrography
Taking X-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.
Arthroplasty
Surgical repair or replacement of a joint.
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of a
joint with an arthroscope, which projects an image on a video monitor.
Bone scan
Uptake of radioactive substance is measure in the bone
Diskography
X-ray examination intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus.
Electromyography
Recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.
