Chapter-11 The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
cardi/o, coron/o
Heart
hem/o, hemat/o
Blood
valv/o, valvul/o
Valve
thromb/o
Clot
sphygm/o
Pulse
steth/o
Chest
angi/o, vas/o, vascul/o
Vessel
arter/o, arteri/o
Arteries
phleb/o, ven/o, ven/I
Veins
capill/o
Capillaries
The Human heart lies just
behind the breastbone in the
mediastinum (between the lungs).
cardiac apex
the narrow tip of the heart.
Cardiacapical
Pertaining to the pointed end of cone shaped part
pericardium
the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart.
Parietal
(means wall) pericardium: it is outer layer.
Viscerral
(related to viscera) Pericardium: it is inner layer
adhering to the heart.
pericardial fluid
a fluid present between the layers of the heart
Pericardiocentesis
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pericardial sac.
The walls of the heart are made up of three layers:
-epicardium
-myocardium
-endocardium
The epicardium
(external layer)
Epi-(Above)+ cardi/o (heart) + um
The myocardium
(middle layer)
Myo-(Muscles)+ cardi/o (heart) + um
The endocardium
(inner layer)
Endo-(Within)+ cardi/o (heart) + um
The heart is consisting of four chambers:
Upper: Atria (singular -
atrium).
- Right atrium 2. Left atrium
Lower: ventricles.
- Right ventricle 2. Left ventricle
The atria
are the receiving chambers. All blood vessels coming into the heart, enters here.
The right and left atrium are
separated by
interatrial (between) septum (dividing wall)
ventricles
are the pumping chambers. All vessels leaving the heart come out of the ventricles
The right and left ventricles are separated by
interventricular septum
Heart has four valves
Semilunar valves :
1.Pulmonary semilunar valve
2. Aortic semilunar valve
Atrioventricular valves:
3.Tricuspid valve
4.Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
There are three major types of blood vessels in the body:
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Veins
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry high oxygen blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
Walls contains smooth muscle and elastic tissue, can
dilate or constrict
arterioles
Smallest branches of arteries , they
carry the blood to capillaries.
Endarterial
pertaining to the interior or lining of an artery
aorta
the main trunk of the arterial system. It
begins from the left ventricle of the heart
coronary arteries
branches from the aorta and supplies blood to the myocardium.
Arterial anastomosis
a connection between arteries
Capillaries
• The smallest vessels that connects the arterial and venous circulatory systems.
• They have walls that are only one endothelial cell thickness.
• They have slow and continuous blood flow.
venules
Waste filled blood then flows back to the heart in small venules which combine to form large veins.
Veins
• return the waste filled blood to the heart.
• They have thinner walls compared with arteries.
• They are less elastic than the arteries.
• They have valves that allow blood to flow toward the heart and not away from the heart.
• Contractions of the skeletal muscles cause the blood to flow through the veins toward the heart
venae cavae
(VEE-nee KAY-vee) are the 2 large veins that
enter the heart
superior vena cava
(VEE-nah KAY-vah) or SVC brings blood from the upper portion of the body
inferior vena cava or IVC
brings blood from the lower portion of the body
Pulmonary circulation
the flow of blood between the heart and the lungs.
Pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood to the heart.
Systemic circulation
the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.
There are 2 phases of the
heartbeat:
- Diastole
- Systole
Diastole
It occurs when the ventricle walls relax. The tricuspid and mitral valves opens.
Systole
It occurs when ventricle walls contract. The tricuspid and mitral valves close. The pulmonary and aortic valves opens.
There are 2 heart sounds on
closure of the heart valves:
- Lubb
- Dubb
Lubb
It is associated with the
closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of the systole.
Dubb
It is associated with
the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole.
Stethoscope
An instrument to listen or to auscultate sounds within the chest
Pulse
rhythmic expansion and
contraction of an artery
Blood pressure(120/80 mmHg)
measurement of amount of
pressure exerted against vessel
walls. It is measured using a
sphygmomanometer.
Systolic pressure (120 mmHg)
occurs when ventricles contract
• is the highest pressure
Diastolic pressure (80mmHg)
occurs when ventricles relax
• is the lowest pressure
ECG
The record used to detect the
electrical changes in the heart
Cardiac arrhythmia, dysrhythmia
• Irregularity or loss of normal rhythm of
heartbeat
• These are the problems with the
electrical system of the heart.
Bradycardia
Abnormally slow heartbeat(< 60 beats
per min)
Tachycardia
Abnormally fast heartbeat (>100 beats
per min)
Flutter
Rapid but regular contraction usually of atria. Heart rate may reach up to 300 beats/min.
Fibrillation
Very rapid, random, inefficient and irregular contractions of the heart.( 350 beats or more/min).
Palpitation
Subjective experience of feeling rapid heartbeat
Atherosclerosis
• Ather/o = plaque (yellowish);
• -sclerosis = hardening.
(Accumulation of fatty deposits in arterial wall).
Atheroma
• Ather/o = plaque (yellowish);
• -oma = tumor (mass)
A plaque (fatty deposit) on the wall of the artery.
Ischemia
• Isch/o (to hold back)
• - emia (blood condition)
A decreased blood flow to tissue, caused
by constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel.
Infarct
A localized area of necrosis (tissue death) caused by
interruption of blood supply.
Myocardial infarction (MI):
It is also known as heart attack. It means death of the
heart tissue.
Valvulitis
Inflammation of valve.
Heart murmur
Abnormal sound of the heart
(caused by defects in the valve).
Mitral or Aortic valve prolapse
Protrusion of the mitral or aortic valve causing improper closure.
Mitral or Aortic valve stenosis:
mitral or aortic valve narrowing.
CHF
Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.
Pulmonary edema
Fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin due to deficiency of oxygen in the blood (hypoxia or anoxia )
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the heart
Cardiomyopathy
Disease condition of the heart muscle
Cardiogenic shock
Inadequate circulation of blood due to primary failure of the ventricles of heart to function effectively
Carditis: card/o +itis
Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis endo + card/o +itis
Inflammation of the inner layer of the heart or the endocardium
Myocarditis Myo +card/o +itis
Inflammation of the middle layer of the heart or the myocardium
pericarditis peri +card/o +itis
Inflammation of the outer layer of the heart or the pericardium
Aneurysm
Widening, bulging of the wall of an artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness.
Varicose veins
Abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs.
Varicosity
one area of swelling
Varices
plural of varix e.g.
oesophageal varices
Angiitis (vasculitis)
Inflammation of vessel
Angionecrosis
Necrosis(cellular death) of a wall of blood vessel.
Angiospasm
Contraction of blood vessel.
Angiostenosis
Narrowing of blood vessel.
Hemangioma
Newly formed benign tumor in the blood vessel .
Thrombus
• Thromb/O meaning clot
• Blood clot attached to the interior wall
(lumen) of an artery or vein
• Stationary blood clot
Thrombosis
Abnormal condition of (having a) thrombus
Deep Vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot forms in the large vein.
Embolus
• embol/o meaning something inserted
• Foreign object ( blood clot, air, fat) carried
in the blood to a distant location from its origin.
Embolism
Condition of Blockage of a vessel by an embolus
Thrombolysis
Breakdown of a clot
Thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein with clot formation
Vasoconstriction
narrowing of a vessel
Vasodilation
widening of a vessel
Vascular
pertaining to blood vessels
Arteritis
Inflammation of an artery
Polyarteritis
Inflammation of several arteries
Arteriosclerosis
Hardening of the arteries
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
phlebotomy
incision of a vein
venous
pertaining to vein
venipuncture
incision of a vein
intravenous
administered into, a vein
Myxoma
benign tumor from mucoid connective tissue most frequently occurring in the left atrium
Hypercholesterolemia
high level of cholesterol in the blood
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Patent (“pay tent” = open)
When the aorta and pulmonary artery are abnormally connected after birth.
Coarctation of the aorta
narrowing of the aorta
Septal defect
A hole between the two atria
Angiography (Arteriography)
Procedure involving visualization of blood vessel after injection of contrast medium
Angiogram
record obtained by angiography.
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Echoes generated by high- frequency sound waves produce images of the heart.
Percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Also called balloon angioplasty A small balloon on the end of a catheter is used to open a partially blocked artery by flattening the plaque deposit
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Arteries and veins are anastomosed surgically to coronary arteries to detour around blockage.
Valvuloplasty
surgical repair of a valve
Valvotomy
incision of a valve
Atherectomy
Surgical removal of plaque from interior lining of an artery
Endarterectomy
Surgical removal of the lining of an artery that is clogged with plaque.
