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French Revolution > Chapter 15: Military Campaigns and Expansion Abroad > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Military Campaigns and Expansion Abroad Flashcards

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1
Q

Briefly describe Napoleon’s childhood.

A
  • Born in Corsica.
  • Born into ancient Tuscan nobility.
  • Raised to speak Italian but learn’t French at school.
  • Went to military schools.
  • Made fun of for having Corsican accent - changed it.
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2
Q

What political faction did Napoleon join in 1791?

A

Jacobins.

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3
Q

When did Napoleon join the national guard in Corsica?

A

1791.

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4
Q

When did Napoleon first appear in the French Revolution?

A

When fighting against royalists in Toulon - December 1793.

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5
Q

When was Napoleon made military advisor to the Directory, and what did he do to gain this position?

A

Late 1795.

Because of his success against the Vendemiaire uprising.

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6
Q

Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew from the War of the First Coalition in April 1796. How did this benefit France?

A
  • Gave them more territory.
  • Gave them more supplies.
  • Increased morale.
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7
Q

When did Napoleon arrive in Italy for his Italian Campaign?

A

March 1796.

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8
Q

Why was Napoleon made commander in chief for the Italian campaign?

A

He was young and inexperienced so only had to hold back small group of Austrians. Hoche had bigger job holding back Austrians in Germany.

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9
Q

Who was Napoleons main competition in the French army?

A

Hoche.

He was older and more experienced than Napoleon, but died Sept 1797.

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10
Q

When did Hoche die? (Napoleons competition)

A

September 1797.

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11
Q

What positive thing did Napoleon do for his troops in the Italian campaign?

A

Ensure they were paid (previously unpaid).

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12
Q

What were the outcomes of Napoleon’s success against Austrians at Lodi in May 1796?

A
  • Increased Napoleon’s popularity.
  • Art treasures pillaged
  • Stories of N’s strength led to the Pope and King of Naples signing treaties and indemnities (protection) to stop France from taking over.
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13
Q

What was Napoleon and his army known for taking in the Italian campaign?

A

Art.

Many were displayed in the Louvre or in officers personal collections.

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14
Q

When did Napoleon take Venice? (Italian campaign)

A

May 1797.

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15
Q

What did Napoleon do with his Italian conquests?

A

Turned them into French republics.
Eg/ Cisalpine and Ligurian republics in June 1797.
Had their own directory’s, ministers and chambers elected by N.

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16
Q

What was Napoleon’s position like by 1797?

A
  • Very popular and successful.
  • Showing signs of being a good political leader instead of just a military one.
  • Above worried Directory.
  • Supportive propoganda.
  • His main competition Hoche died in Sept 1797.
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17
Q

When was the Treaty of Campo Formio?

A

17th October 1797.

18
Q

Who was the Treaty of Campo Formio between?

A

France (Napoleon) and Austria.

19
Q

What did the Treaty of Campo Formio state?

A
  • French has control over Austrian Netherlands (Belgium).
  • Austria accepts French republics.
  • France accepts sharing Venetia republic.
  • Austria recognises French Rhine Frontier.
20
Q

What were the outcomes of the Treaty of Campo Formio?

A
  • Ended War of the First Coalition.
  • Increased N’s popularity.
  • BUT only temporary - Second Coalition started 1799.
21
Q

What treaty ended the War of the First Coalition?

A

The Treaty of Campo Formio 17th October 1797.

22
Q

When did the War of the First Coalition end?

A

17th October 1797.

23
Q

Why did Napoleon turn down commanding an army against England in October 1797?

A
  • England were too good - especially in navy.

- They’d already defeated French allies eg/ Spain.

24
Q

Who were Frances only opponents by the end of the War of the First Coalition?

A

Britain.

25
Q

Why did Napoleon propose the Egyptian campaign?

A
  • To protect French trade.
  • To establish French trade in the Middle East.
  • To attack British commerce.
  • To distract British so French could invade them.
  • Easy win.
  • To encourage enlightenment in Egypt.
26
Q

When did Napoleon take Malta? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

June 1798.

27
Q

When was the Battle of the Pyramids? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

July 1798.

N defeated Egyptians in Cairo.

28
Q

Where did the Battle of the Pyramids take place? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

Cairo.

29
Q

When was the Battle of Aboukir Bay? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

August 1798.

30
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Aboukir Bay? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

Nelson destroyed Napoleon’s army. They were cut off from France.

31
Q

What happened during Napoleons siege of Acre? (Egyptian Campaign)

A

Napoleon had to retreat to Cairo because defenders too resilient and British had stepped in to help them.

32
Q

What were the key events of the Egyptian campaign?

A
  • N took Malta.
  • Battle of the Pyramids.
  • Battle at Aboukir Bay.
  • N took Jaffa.
  • Siege of Acre abandoned - N retreated to Cairo.
33
Q

When did the War of the Second Coalition begin?

A

March 1799.

34
Q

When did Napoleon return to France to help with the Second Coalition?

A

Left Egypt in August, got to France October 1799.

35
Q

What was the cause of the War of the Second Coalition?

A
  • N expelled St John Knights when he took Malta (Egyptian Campaign).
  • Angered Russia Tsar so Russia, Austria, Britain etc. formed Second Coalition.
36
Q

What 6 countries were against France in the War of the Second Coalition?

A 
Austria.
Britain.
Russia.
Ottoman Empire.
Portugal.
Some Italian and German states.
37
Q

What had happened by the time Napoleon had got back to France to help with the Second Coalition?

A

Russia had withdrew.

Directory were in very weak state.

38
Q

What were some positive aspects to Napoleon as a military leader up until 1800? (think Italian Campaign).

A
  • Made small army corps of each type of soldiers (calvary, artillery and infantry) instead of a large division for each.
  • ‘Forced march’ - Quickly travel large distances to surprise enemy.
  • ‘Force of Personality’ - made speeches, relatable, ensured soldiers fed and paid, hard working (18-20hr days).
  • His soldiers were chosen based off talent not nobility - soldiers always trying to improve to move up ranks.
39
Q

What were some aspects of Napoeon’s character up until 1800?

A
  • Young.
  • Hard-working.
  • Self-promoting.
  • Aimed to please.
  • Character changed as he gained power.
40
Q

What were some of the key events of Napoleon’s Italian campaign?

A
  • Piedmont-Sardinia withdrew.
  • Napoleon fought Austrians at Lodi.
  • N army known for taking art.
  • N created French republics in his conquests.
  • Treaty of Campo Formio - ended First Coalition.

French Revolution (14 decks)

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