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French Revolution > Chapter 12: The spread of the Terror > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The spread of the Terror Flashcards

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1
Q

How many victims were there of the terror between 1792-94?

A

40,000 - 50,000 killed.

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2
Q

What was the most popular method of execution during the terror?

A

Guillotine.

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3
Q

How many suspects were brought in front of the rev tribunal during September - December 1793?

A

500,000 (compared to 260 between march and September).

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4
Q

When did show trials start?

A

October 1793.

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5
Q

Name 4 people who were given show trials.

A
  • Marie-Antoinette.
  • 21 Girondins leaders.
  • Duc d’Orleans.
  • Madame Roland.
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6
Q

When and who was the first person to be given a show trial and what were they accused of?

A

Marie-Antoinette.
tried on 14th October, guillotined 16th.
Orgies, conspiracy against the state, sharing info with the enemy, incest.

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7
Q

What was involved in the CPS’s campaign of killing ordinary people during the Terror?

A
  • Comitès de surveillance to monitor residents.
  • Armèes rèvolutionaires in the countryside.
  • Spies from CGS.
  • Reprèsentants-en-mission pursuing the cause of ‘revolutionary justice’.
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8
Q

Who recaptured Toulon in December?

A

Napoleon.

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9
Q

When was dechristianisation made official and by who?

A

October 1793 by the Paris Commune.

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10
Q

Who was a popular replacement of religious objects during dechristianisation?

A

Marat.

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11
Q

During dechristianisation, what was church property stolen and used for?

A

Mock ceremonies.

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12
Q

Why were many street names changed during the terror?

A

Had religious links - so changed during dechristianisation.

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13
Q

Briefly describe some of the events of dechristianisation.

A
  • Statues replaced by statues of Marat.
  • Street names changed.
  • Church property stolen for mock ceremonies.
  • Royal bones dug up and thrown into common graves.
  • Archbishop resigned out of ‘love for the people’.
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14
Q

When and where was the Festival of Reason held and by who?

A

November 1793.
Notre Dame Cathedral.
Hèbert and the Paris Commune.

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15
Q

What were Robespierre’s views on dechristianisation?

A

Didn’t like it.

  • Thought faith could help maintain control.
  • Encouraged convention to decree the ‘liberty of cults’ so religion was tolerated again.
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16
Q

What was the Law of 14 Frimaire II?

A

Centralised power and gave sans-culottes less influence.

  • CPS has power over ministers, reprèsentants-en-mission, local gov etc.
  • Dèpartements only role is tax collection and public works.
  • Armèes rèvolutionaires were disbanded.
17
Q

Who were CPS’s main 2 French enemies in 1794?

A
  • Followers of Hèbert - sans-culottes not happy with Robespierre’s dictatorship.
  • Indulgents - Danton, Desmoulins and co wanting to scale back the terror
18
Q

Why was Hèbert executed in march 1794?

A

Saint-Just denounced him in the convention, saying he was plotting to massacre members.

19
Q

Why were the indulgents (Danton, Desmoulins etc) guillotined in April?

A

Apparent financial deals using bribery.

20
Q

Who were the ‘triumvirate’s in the Convention?

A

Robespierre.
Couthon.
Saint-Just.

21
Q

When was the decree accepting Robespierre’s Cult of Supreme Being announced?

A

7th May 1794.

22
Q

What did the Festival of the Supreme Being involve?

A
  • Speech about republic from Robespierre.
  • Parade of Paris sections and Convention groups.
  • Statue of atheism set alight.
  • Mountain with liberty tree erected on Champ de Mars.
23
Q

What was the Law of 22 Prairial?

A
  • Provincial rev tribunals shut down - just Paris one left.
  • Proposed by Couthon to make convictions easier.
  • No witnesses or defence - just jury, accusation and accused.
  • Rev tribunal had 2 verdicts: acquittal or death.
  • Convention no longer immune from prosecution.
24
Q

What happened during the 2 month Great Terror?

A
  • 1284 death sentences v 278 acquittals.
  • Victims 35% nobles, 25% clergy and 40% bourgeoise.
  • Paris Commune leader close w Robespierre so no more dechristianisation.
  • Bread prices rose.
  • maximum wage introduced.
25
Q

How did Robespierre’s power weaken?

A
  • CGS (many atheists) angry about Cult of Supreme Being.
  • CGS mad not consulted about Law of 22 Prairial.
  • CGS mad Robespierre set up separate surveillance system.
  • Saint-Just and Couthon falling out over war.
  • the plain in convention feared Robespierre becoming dictator.
26
Q

What were the events leading up to Robespierre’s execution?

A
  • Robespierre didn’t turn up to CPS meetings for 3 weeks.
  • Robespierre’s last convention speech condemning CGS, CPS, military organisation etc.
  • ‘Down with the Tyrant’ chants next day in Convention.
  • Coup of Thermidor - decrees to arrest Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas and Robespierres brother Augustin.
  • Convention burst in on group - Le Bas shot himself, Augustin jumped out window (broke leg), Couthon chucked himself down stairs (but survived), Robespierre tried, but failed to kill himself, Saint-Just didn’t resist.
  • All guillotined 10th Thermidor.
27
Q

What does the Coup of Thermidor mean?

A

Decrees to arrest Robespierre, Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas and Robespierres brother Augustin.

28
Q

Who were the enrages?

A

Extreme, radical group of sans-culottes.

29
Q

What percentage of the victims of the terror were nobles?

A

7% - proves terror wasn’t about class.

30
Q

What does a federalist believe?

A

Pro-rev but counter centralisation.

31
Q

Who was morealess Marat’s replacement once he died?

A

Herbert (a revolutionary writer).

32
Q

What was the Notre Dame Cathedral turned into during the terror?

A

The Temple of Reason - the host of the Festival of Reason.

33
Q

What is iconoclasm? When in the terror was it used?

A

Destruction of icons, statues or monuments - shown during dechristianisation.

French Revolution (14 decks)

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