Chapter 11: The progress of the war

Question 1

When was the levèe en masse?

Answer 1

23rd August 1793.

Question 2

What was the levèe en masse?

Answer 2

‘all French people are on permanent requisition for the services of the armies’

• Unmarried men to go to military.
• Married men to make weapons.
• Women to make tents and serve in hospitals.
• Children to shred linen for lint.
• Old people to encourage warriors and preach hatred of kings.

Question 3

What did France need most during the war and how did they get it?

Answer 3

Weapons and supplies.

• Factories manufactured steel.
• Professional training centre set up.
• Materials re-used.

Question 4

What was the reprèsentants-en-mission’s role during the war?

Answer 4

Keep up morale and ensure loyalty.

Question 5

Who was Saint-Just.

Answer 5

• Carried out levèe en masse.
• Replaced noble generals with younger revolutionaries.
• In national convention - Jacobin.
• Close with Robespierre in CPS.
• ‘the angel of terror’.
• Arrested with Robespierre and guillotined.

Question 6

Who was Carnot?

Answer 6

• In legislative assembly and then national convention.
• Jacobin.
• CPS.
• Replaced noble generals with younger revolutionaries.
• Nicknamed Organiser of the Victory - successfully organised army.
• Served Napoleon.

Question 7

What colour uniform did France wear in the war? (after Louis dead remember)

Answer 7

Blue - no difference between volunteers and regulars.

Question 8

What are the Jacobins also known as?

Answer 8

Montagnards.

Question 9

What are the Montagnards also known as?

Answer 9

Jacobins.

Question 10

When did Robespierre join the CPS?

Answer 10

July 1793.

Question 11

What governing body was set up to replace the king?

Answer 11

Executive council.

Question 12

Who had the most power - CPS or the executive council?

Answer 12

CPS - supervised and could suspend executive councils orders.

Question 13

Who were the most notable members of the CPS? (despite members supposedly being changed once a month)

Answer 13

Robespierre.
Saint-Just.
Couthon.
Carnot.

Question 14

Who killed Marat? How?

Answer 14

Counter rev Charlotte Corday.

• Marat basically lived in a bath because he had skin problems from living in sewers.
• Corday said she had petition for him, but actually stabbed him.

Question 15

What made the sans-culottes angry enough to march to the convention in September 1793?

Answer 15

• Marat’s death.
• Grain shortages.
• Unemployment.

Question 16

What 2 popular sans-culottes activists joined the CPS in September 1793?

Answer 16

Billaud-Varenne and d’Herbois.

Question 17

What legislations were passed as a results of the sans-culottes march in September 1793?

Answer 17

• Armèes rèvolutionaires set up - group of paid, armed sans-culottes who could attack suspected grain hoarders.
• Law of Suspects - could be arrested if acting ‘suspicious’ (in relation to conduct, writings, relationships etc.)
• New Law of General Maximum - higher maximum price of grain, flour, leather etc. Also wage regulations.

Question 18

What did Danton famously say, defending the terror?

Answer 18

‘Let us be terrible in order to stop the people from being so’.

Question 19

Roughly how long was the terror?

Answer 19

10 months.

Question 20

What was the Law of Suspects?

Answer 20

• Anyone could be arrested if acting ‘suspicious’ (in relation to conduct, writings, relationships etc.)
• Nobles, relatives of èmigrès, officials, hoarders etc. could all be suspects.
• Comitès de surveillance would create lists of suspects, issue warrants for their arrests, and give list to CGS.

Question 21

What was the Law of General Maximum?

Answer 21

Maximum price for bread.