Chapter 15 Flashcards
Louis IX
King of France; his mother, Blanche, taught him how to be a good king and she brought him up as a good Catholic. At age 19, Louis ruled on throne and he married Margaret, who was also his main advisor. HRE, Frederick II was the opposite of him. Louis loved and respected his wife, was a good Catholic, and respected the rights of his people by having a limited government; when Frederick II was thinking of capturing Pope on his way to France, Louis came to Pope’s defense and drove Frederick off. signif: overall good, caring king, ruler, husband.
Frederick II
HRE who was the opposite of King Louis IX. He had a many wives (unfaithful), leads towards Islam, ruled as a dictator; Pope excommunicated him. Frederick was anfry and marches to Rome to capture the Pope, but people of Rome defend the Pope. Frederick’s next idea is to capture Pope while he’s on his way to France, but Louis IX came to Pope’s defense and drove Frederick off. signif: Frederick did not capture the Pope as he wanted to. ?
Thomas Aquinas
from the powerful Aquino family; most of his brothers fought against Frederick II, but Thomas was a big guy and very religious (he wasn’t going to be a warrior) his mom wanted him to be an abbot at Monte Cassino but Thomas didn’t want to be an abbot, he wanted to learn more about God. He was sent to Naples to study (Dominicans taught there) and Thomas really wanted to be a Dominican- but his mother didn’t not want her son to be a beggar, so she had her sons capture Thomas. They imprisoned him and tried tempting him (-like sending a girl in, but he took a torch, chased her out, and but a cross mark on the door) He wouldn’t change his mind. in there, 2 angels appeared to him and put a white cord around his waist, after that he was not tempting by sin of impurity again. Pope finds out Thomas is “imprisoned” and so he tells the Aquino brothers they will be excommunicated of they don’t free Thomas (so the bros didn’t want to look cowardly, so they had their sisters help Thomas free, to make it look like Thomas escaped) Thomas studies at University of Paris (which he later teaches at) and University of Cologne, Germany. He wrote the book: Summa Theologica (Summary of Theology)- the harmony of faith & reason. Thomas was writing about transubstantiation (he said the accidents of bread and wine don’t change; it is what is evident to the senses.) Thomas laid his scroll of writing near a crucifix and Christ on cross spoke to him: “You have written well of my Body, Thomas. What do you want in return?” Thomas: “Only thyself.” ;for feast day, Corpus Christi, Thomas wrote psalms: O Salutaris Hostia, Tantum Ergo, Pange Lingua. Thomas stopped writing b/c he said: “I have seen things that make my writings appear as straw.” Father Reginald (gave him his last confession) said after: “I have heard the confession of a 5 yr. old child.” (his innocence) signif: patron saint of students, doctor of Church, feast day Jan. 28.
Babylonian Captivity
King Philip the Fair of France thought the Pope shouldn’t tell him what to do. Pope Boniface VIII wrote an encyclical: Unam Sanctam (One- Holy) basically saying that the Church is supreme. (Philip= angry) Pope was staying in Anagni, but Philip’s men go capture and abuse the Pope so much that he dies (Crime at Anagni) Therefore next Pope wanted to be on Philip’s good side, so they moved the papacy to France. (begins the Baylonian Captivity) Bad Idea moving papacy to France: puts Pope under influence of King of France and shows a succession through all Popes (Peter); 2 women who wanted to move papacy to move back to Rome: St Bridget of Sweden and St. Catherine of Siena. Bridget convinced Pope Urban V to move papacy to Rome for a little while, then he wanted to move it back to France (she tells him he’ll die w/in a yr if he does- he doesn’t listen and dies that yr.) Catherine tried so hard to get Pope Gregory XI to move papacy (she wrote him letters, followed him, and did lots of convincing) finally she convinces him, but he has to “step over his father” (and he does) signif: ends Babylonian Captivity.
Great Western Schism
after Pope Urban VI was elected, French cardinals say: “We don’t think Pope Urban is a valid Pope!” –so they elect a French (anti-Pope), which begins the Great Western Schism; some of cardinals at Council of Pisa decided to elect another Pope (Counciliar Anti- Pope); HRE, Sigismond, decides to do something (so he and Pope Gregory XII) agree to call for Council of Constance, where all the anti-popes and cardinals can come, etc. Pope Gregory XII says that this will be a one-time council to elect a new Pope (and he resigns); + a anti-Popes were asked to resign (the councilor Pope does, but the French one doesn’t) signif: so people know French anti-Pope is stubborn and council elects Pope Martin and great western schism ends.
Catherine of Siena
saint from Italy who wanted the Pope to move the papacy back to Rome. (she was a 3rd order Dominican) who made peace w/ city-states ; she wrote many letters to Pope Gregory XI and she always wrote: Sweet Christ on Earth. Gregory didn’t want to listen to her; but after much persuading, Gregory decides to move papacy to Rome, but his father says he’ll have to step over him, so he does. Pope Urban VI sees a need to reform and he thinks excommunicating people will solve it (but Catherine tells him not to- but he ignores her) signif: she convinced Pope Gregory XI to move papacy back to Rome.
100 Years War
fought between France & England; (English fighting to take over France- France= trying to defend itself); King Henry V of England made a treaty w/ King Charles VI of France that after Charles died, Henry got France. (also Henry got Charles’ daughter, Katherine of France); Henry V and Katherine have a son, Henry VI (becomes king of England and France -as a baby b/c his father dies)
Joan of Arc
heard locutions from saints (St Michael, Catherine of Alexandria, Margaret) voices told her to go to French camp and take control of the army; it was hard at first, but eventually after she made it to French king and could recognize him (not on throne- but in crown) and tell him his secret he’d never told anyone- he gave her an army. France’s first big victory: Siege of Orleans; Joan suggests marching to Paris, but Charles ignores her (the English gets Paris); eventually Charles lets Joan attack England, so they go attack (but English are winning) so French retreat, and Joan lets her men go first, but she is captured by English. She’s put on trial for witchcraft and treated terribly; King Charles wouldn’t even pay ransom for her. English burned her at the stake; signif: after she died, the ordinary French people fought even harder against English and ended up winning the war.
Black Death (Bubonic Plague)
It was an epidemic in Europe (and endemic in Middle East) it started w/ the fleas on rats, than rats go on ships, which go to Sicily, than Italy (spreads all throughout Europe in about a yr.) Victims died quickly and about 30% of Europe died. signif: decline in the quality of clergy b/c good priests risk their lives for people (bad ones don’t).
Thomas Becket
best friend of King Henry II of England; Henry II had Thomas appointed chancellor and wanted him to take over Church. Thomas becomes the Bishop of Canterbury and after he became bishop, he started being an actual good bishop and not listening to Henry. Henry II had Thomas arrested for treason (and Henry pressured jury to find him guilt), so Thomas was sentenced to death. But soldiers refuse to execute him (b/c they’d be excommunicated). Thomas is exiled to France, but was able to come back (b/c Pope Alexander told Henry he’d put England under interdict if Thomas couldn’t come back.) Henry was in a bad drunken mood and said: “Is there no one who can rid me of this lowborn priest?”, so his knights went to Canterbury (where Thomas was saying mass) and the knights stabbed him to death. signif: Henry II repented and another Church victory (between Church vs state controversy)
