Chapter 14 Flashcards
Gregory VII
(Saint) Pope of Rome; dispute between him and HRE, Henry IV.. (Investiture Controversy= dispute name) Henry starts demanding he gets both kinds of investiture (spiritual and temporal) – he basically wants to be higher than the Pope, so Gregory VII tells him he can’t have control over Pope. (+ spiritual investiture) So Henry persuades his vassals to stop listening to Pope and to sign a document, but Gregory said he would excommunicate anyone whose name was on document (so Henry realized he was in trouble now and his vassals started rejecting Henry); Henry does a pilgrimage to Canossa and does penance for what he did to gain Gregory VII’s trust. Greg forgives Henry and restores him to throne. signif: no matter what, Pope will always have control of Church; shows emperor is not as strong as he wishes to be.
Investiture
2 kinds: spiritual- anything to do w/ Church; temporal- anything to do w/ state.
Penance at Canossa
(at Canossa) when HRE, Henry IV was doing penance, standing in snow, barefoot, to gain Pope Gregory VII’s trust. signif: shows emperor is not as strong as he wishes to be.
Council of Clermont
what Urban II called for in France to discuss Muslim threat. (vassals +nobleman come from all over Europe) Urban tells them to: defend Christians being attacked and to liberate Holy Land. signif: their motto was: Deus Vult (God will it)
Siege of Jerusalem
(Muslims scorched land) First Crusaders built a huge siege tower, but after crusaders got in, siege tower started to break, but Godfrey held it up till crusaders made it over into Muslim city. signif: Muslims were defeated (Crusaders get into city).
Sack of Jerusalem
(happened directly after Siege of Jerusalem); it was the killing of innocent civilians (b/c Jerusalem now belongs to Christians. signif: worst atrocity of Crusade.
St. Bernard
Pope asked him to preach to people to convince them to join 2nd Crusade. signif: preached to people to go on 2nd crusade
Eleanor of Aquitaine
overlord and wife of King Louis of France who decided to take her vassals to go on 2nd Crusade w/ her husband and his vassals. After 2nd crusade, Louis gets an annulment, so Eleanor marries King Henry II of England. Henry II and Eleanor have son: Richard the Lion heart; she became his legion (while he was young) one point, HRE captures Richard and Eleanor pays ransom for him. signif: she and women vassals were one of failures of 2nd crusade.
Second Crusade
started with Pope asking St Bernard to preach to 2nd crusade (he went around telling people to join Crusade) King Louis VII of France got his vassals ready to go on 2nd Crusade, and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and her women vassals wanted to join crusade too.
Problems: women, German knights don’t get along w/ French knights
(animostity), Syrian Christian overlords didn’t cooperate.
Accomplishment: English knights sailed around Spain in Mediterranean and they liberated Lisbon- capital of Portugal.)
Baldwin the Leper King
king of Jerusalem; (he had leprosy) Muslims are going to fight him- even as a teen, he’s a good leader against Muslim leader, Saladin. At one point, Saladin was attacking Aleppo while Baldwin sieges Damascus (Saladin’s biggest capital)— Baldwin keeps Damascus; even though he’s 13 yrs. old, he’s always on battle front. signif: Baldwin defeated Saladin x5 (and defended Jerusalem)
Richard the Lion Heart
son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine and leader of 3rd Crusade; in 1189, becomes King of England. On way to Holy Land, Richard (+ 3rd Crusade) takes Cyprus and city of Acre (both previously Muslim owned), then they landed on coast of Holy Land— his strategy is to take Jaffa- however his men were worn down from previous fighting; Richard received news from England that his bro, John, wanted to be king. Richard had to give up trying to take Jerusalem, but he and Saladin sign a treaty saying coastlands can stay Christian and pilgrimages could come to Jerusalem; then Richard was captured and imprisoned by HRE for a few yrs. until England could pay a big ransom. Then Richard defeats John; then he there’s a rebellion in Aquitaine (France), where he puts a siege there, but he gets shot by a crossbow and his wound gets infected (gangrene) and died ☹. signif: after he died, John became king; also tried to defend Jerusalem.
3rd Crusade
Richard the Lion-heart was leader of 3rd Crusade; On way to Holy Land, Richard (+ 3rd Crusade) takes Cyprus and city of Acre (both previously Muslim owned), then they landed on coast of Holy Land— his strategy is to take Jaffa- however his men were worn down from previous fighting; Richard received news from England that his bro, John, wanted to be king. Richard had to give up trying to take Jerusalem signif: he and Saladin sign a treaty saying coastlands can stay Christian and pilgrimages could come to Jerusalem;
4th Crusade
Byzantine Emperor’s son, Alexius says: “If you put me on thrown, I’ll give you $ for ships.” to 4th crusade knights (so they put him on throne) but he never gave paid his part of the bargain, so 4th crusade sacked Constantinople. signif: atrocity of 4th crusade.
Albigensians
heretic group, that started the Albigensian heresy; they basically believed in a good and bad god, but good god gave us our souls and bad god gave us bad material things, like our body. They thought suicide was good b/c it freed your soul from your evil body (they also thought having children was bad). Had groups: Imperfecti: were the leaders; Imperfecti: being self-indulgent (doing bad evil stuff like drinking, overeating, b/c it was an evil bad body). Also hated Eucharist (Christ’s body) signif: led to the finding of the Dominicans (Order of Preachers).
Simon de Montfort
one man who did not sack Constantinople (he knew it was immoral) so he refused and he and vassals went home; he asked Pope Innocent III if you could do anything for him; Pope tells him to lead a crusade against the Albigensians in France (since they were persecuting Catholics); Simon and his vassals head to Southern France; (night before battle Simon prayed) Battle of Muret- Simon vs King Pedro the Cruel. Simon won! signif: ends military power of Albigensians.
