Chapter 12 Flashcards
Mohammed
founder of Islam religion from Mecca, Arabia; he announeced to Mecca that he had been getting apparitions from St. Gabriel, who reformed him to Koran; at first Islamic religion was not popular. so he went to Medina instead, where the people accepted him. signif: started Muslim religion which is still an extremely powerful world religion today.
Hegira
what Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina was called; happened in 622. signif: begins Islam religion.
Shroud
was taken to Edessa, Syria by St. Jude. King Abgar of Edessa was cured and converted b/c of Shroud (any many other people converted too) Abgar’s successor persecuted Christians, so Abgar hid Shroud in city walls of Edessa (for 500yrs. the Shroud was missing, until eventually after a flood, it was found and put in Church, Hagia Sofia (Holy Wisdom); Muslims conquer Edessa, signif: but they don’t destroy Shroud.
Great Arab Conquests
when Caliph Omar (muslim) begins to conquer other lands. signif: Muslims take over Syria, Holy Land, Iraq, Egypt, Persia, Cyprus, and Rhodes. (many of these places= still Muslim today)
First Siege of Constantinople
Muslims put a siege on Constantinople; Byzantines had 2 advantages: thick walls surrounded by sea and greek fire (fire you can’t put out w/ water) signif: first Muslim defeat
Pelayo & Covadonga
Visigoth from Spain; only one left of the royal family (except his kidnapped sister); he made up his mind to try and save Catholic Spain; so he rode to Asturias bringing along 300 fighters w/ him. He and the other Visigoths said the Oath of Covadonga which was to Our Lady of Covadonga saying: they would all fight to the death for Catholic Spain; Battle of Covadonga (Muslims vs remaining Spaniards on Asturias); Muslims (unused to it) had to climb up a mountain, but the Visigoths kept throwing boulders, spears, and arrows; Muslims give up. signif: Reconquista (Reconquer); took 770 yrs, till last Muslim gave up.
Charles Martel
mayor of the palace in France; finds out about the Muslims coming and gathers up in army of Franks. Battle of Tours (Muslims vs Franks), took place in a forest (which the Muslims weren’t used to- esp. in cold weather, w/ robes while the Franks had wolf pelts); Franks win! signif: France is saved and this ends the Great Arab Conquest
Battle of Tours
Muslims vs Franks (Franks won); takes place in a forest (Muslims weren’t used to weather); Very cold battle, and Muslims were only wearing robes while Franks were wearing wolf pelts. Franks were well trained; signif: France is saved! End of the Great Arab conquest.
Charlemagne
son of Pepin (also known as Charles the Great), took over France, though at the time land in France was being attacked by Saxons. (+ Lombards come back) Charlemagne took over some land in Northern Italy- then became king of Franks and Lombards; decided that the only way to convert Saxons was to force conversions; then Charlemagne fights w/ a Muslim group vs another Muslim group (his group loses). He decides to help civilize and bring peace (Caroliginian Age); allowed Saxons to have voluntary conversions and he allowed missionaries; Charlemagne helped fight against adoptionism heresy; he helps Pope Leo III by sending him soldiers for protection; Pope Leo and Charlemagne decide they need an emperor in the west; Pope crowns Charlemagne as HRE; he’s known as the Builder of Christendom; signif: -builder of Christendom; established Holy Roman Emperor which lasted 1000 yrs. (w/ Pope); brought back civilization in to mini- golden age (Carolingian Age); set up the idea of limited Christian monarchy.
What are the accomplishments of Charlemagne?
- Literature
- Song of Roland (written in French)
- Education
- Alcuin (monk) to be in charge of school
- Copying of manuscripts
- Carolingian miniscule and majuscule (helped make things easier to read)
- Artwork
- Road building
- Spring assembly
- people had problems and he’d listen and try to solve them
What are the 6 doctrines of a Muslim?
- Monotheism (Allah)
- 3 Prophets: Abraham, Jesus Christ, (greatest) Mohammed
- angels
- Resurrection of the Body (great Muslims will in material, sensual Paradise)
- Determinism- denies free will (Kismet)
- Koran is inspired scripture
What are the 6 duties of a Muslim?
- Recite the formula: “There is no God, but Allah, and Mohammed is his Prophet.”
- Prayers 5 times a day facing Mecca
- Fast in month of Ramadham (no eating or drinking when sun goes up)
- (for adult male Muslim) pilgrimage to Mecca once in life.
- Friday is their Holy Day
- Jehad- Holy War against non-Muslims [or acts of charity]
What are the 3 Muslem significances?
A. most of their conquered lands are still Muslim
B. still a powerful world religion
C. united many lands.
D. still a powerful enemy to Christianity
E. cultural achievements
1. algebra 3. philosophy
2. medicine 4. literature
What are the reasons for Muslem success?
A. Winning in Battles
1. taking advantage of environment a. weather b. terrain 2. great cavalry a. horses b. camels 3. religious zeal
B. Why the conquered lands became and stayed Muslim
1. easy to convert 2. incentive (low taxes) 3. death penalty if you tried to leave
What are Charlemagne’s significances?
- builder of Christendom
- established Holy Roman Emperor which lasted 1000 yrs. (w/ Pope)
- brought back civilization in to mini- golden age (Carolingian Age)
- set up the idea of limited Christian monarchy.
