Chapter 15

Question 1

Defining ‘Abnormal’ - Which 3 models are based on; Abnormal thoughts or belief’s, violation of social norms, and changes in biological functioning

Answer 1

Cognitive, sociocultural, biological model

Question 2

Abnormality is inextricably attached to ——-, expectations and ——–

Answer 2

cultural norms, laws

Question 3

Ex. of abnormality:

Answer 3

ADHD in the U.S. vs Europe, Disorders of sexuality, cultural responses to abnormality and mental illness

Question 4

Definition of Abnormal

Answer 4

A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors(unfortunately very broad)

Question 5

What did Thomas Szasz do:

Answer 5

• Wrote ‘myth of the mental illness’
• Argued that mental disorder classification is an attempt of controlling those who are different

Question 6

What else did Thomas Szasz criticize?

Answer 6

-Vehemently criticized the system of involuntary commitment
- He preferred the terms “Problems of living”

Question 7

What model: Criticized —— as turning people into passive patients instead of active controllers of their own lives

Answer 7

medical model

Question 8

What is DSM-5

Answer 8

Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders is a reference manual for disorder diagnosis and classification

Question 9

What are advantages of DSM-5

Answer 9

-Can be a useful tool when used properly to diagnose disorders
-Provides systemic structure in future research
-Provides systemic structure for insurance reimbursement

Question 10

Criticisms of DSM

Answer 10

-# of diagnosis increases with each new edition( 66 in first dsm to over 400 in dsm-5)
-Providing classifications may lead to over diagnosis( ADHD, MPD/DID but the most diagnoses is PD-NOS DESPITE THE 400 DISORDERS)
-There’s particularly a concern with newer dimensional approach risk syndromes

Question 10

More criticisms of DSM

Answer 10

-People may live up to labels and use them as excuse for little improvement
-Some “disorders” can be everyday issues
-Gives an illusion of OBJECTIVITY
(still subject to norms and individual judgement)

Question 10

Subjective Latitude and the DSM
* Inattention: Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16 years, or five or more
for adolescents age 17 years and older and adults; symptoms of inattention have been present for
at least 6 months, and they are inappropriate for developmental level:

Answer 10

-Often makes careless mistakes on schoolwork or other activities/ has lack of attention to detail
-Often has trouble retaining attention on certain tasks/ play activities
-Often doesn’t listen to when spoken to directly
-Often does not follow directions or fails to complete them(laundry, chores, tasks, etc.)
-forgetful and forgets necessary items

Question 11

Panic Disorder

Answer 11

Anxiety disorder in which a person experiences reoccurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom/ death alongside effects of that like fast breathing or dizziness

Question 12

Phobias

Answer 12

An exadurated/ unrealistic fear in a certain thing or event.

Question 13

Agoraphobia

Answer 13

A set of phobia often set up by a panic attack, involved with being away from a certain thing, location, or person
-Often self-fulfilling meaning if panic attacks in publics lead to fear it will happen again

Question 14

PTSD

Answer 14

When a person who has been through traumatic events has symptoms such as numbing, reliving the trauma, detachment, relationship issues, self destructive behaviors
- People usually vicims of abuse, in military service, police, 9//1

Question 15

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 15

Person feels trapped in repetitive persistent thoughts(obsessive), ritualistic compulsive behavior that are designed to reduce anxiety
-person understands these behaviors are useless but still feels guilt/ anxiety if not performed
-often tied to cleanliness/ contamination

Question 16

Major depressive disorder

Answer 16

-disturbances in emotion(excessive sadness)
-behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities)
-cognition (thoughts of hopelessness)
Affects about twice as many women as men
– Also Persistent Depressive Disorder, which is more chronic, but may have lower severity of
symptoms

Question 17

Major depressive disorder-dsm

Answer 17

Requires 5 of the following symptoms in last 2 weeks:
– Depressed mood
– Reduced interest in almost all activities
– Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting
– Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep)
– Change in motor activity (too much or too little)
– Fatigue or loss of energy
– Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
– Reduced ability to think or concentrate
– Recurrent thoughts of death

Question 18

Depression in Literature
“Death was now a daily presence, blowing over me in cold gusts. Mysteriously and in ways that are
totally remote from normal exile, the gray drizzle of horror induced by depression takes on the quality
of physical pain. But it is not an immediately identifiable pain, like that of a broken limb. It may be
more accurate to say that despair, owing to some evil trick played upon the sick brain by the inhabiting

Answer 18

Probably don’t have to really know but…

Question 19

Theories of depression

Answer 19

-Biological-genetics and brain chem

-Social-stressful circumstances of peoples lives

-Attachment- problems with close relationships

-Cognitive- negative/ maladaptive habits of thinking or interpreting events(learned hopelessness)

Question 20

Diathesis- Stress model draws on all these-

Answer 20

Person has an underlying biological vulnerability which is then triggered by stressors in the environment

Question 21

Mood Disorders- Bipolar disorders- A mood disorder in which a person alternates between episodes of ——— and ———–
(———- ———-)
-Driven by —— ——–

Answer 21

depression and mania

(excessive euphoria)

Brain chemistry

Question 22

Bipolar Disorder- Personality disorders-

Answer 22

Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others

Question 23

Narcissistic Personality Disorder-

Answer 23

A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption

Question 24

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 24

A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and
jealousy

Question 25

Personality Disorders- Borderline Personality Disorder- –Intense but —– relationships, fear of abandonment, unrealistic ———, emotional
volatility, ——— behavior
– Controversial because of loose —— ———, possible overdiagnosis

Answer 25

Volatile
self image
self destructive
Diagnostic criteria

Question 26

Antisocial Personality Disorder-

Answer 26

A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others,
and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy

Question 27

From the DSM- Antisocial

Answer 27

A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others,
and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy, they are irresponsible, and lack remorse for their actions

Question 28

Dissociative Identity Disorder used to be called ——– ——— disorder

Answer 28

multiple personality

Question 29

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 29

marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each
with its own name and traits

Question 30

Dissociative Identity Disorder-Often has roots in childhood —— ——-

Answer 30

sexual abuse

Question 31

The identity disassociates or —— in order to ——- ——— while other personality(s) remain happy

Answer 31

splits, repress memories

Did(fight club)

Question 32

DID is a highly controversial disorder- theres debate over the name ——- vs ——–

Answer 32

personality vs identity

Question 33

Sociocognitive explanation

Answer 33

Disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiple personalities, but is
simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold

Question 34

Schizophrenia-

Answer 34

A group of psychotic disorders marked by positive and negative symptoms that indicate a distorted
perception of reality

Question 34

Diagnosis rates have skyrocketed- Overzealous therapists or better diagnostic criteria?

Answer 34

-Abusing suggestibility
-Rewarding bad behavior in patients by giving them an out
-Rewarding patients by giving them attention

Question 35

Schizo- pos. symptoms

Answer 35

delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speach, and innapropriate behavior

Question 36

Schizo- negative symptoms

Answer 36

Lack of affect, loss of motivation, social withdrawal
* May be grouped to form an overall state of catatonic

Question 37

Delusions-

Answer 37

false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

Question 38

Glutamate-

Answer 38

major excitatory neurotransmitter

Question 39

Dopamine-

Answer 39

can affect movement and emotion

Question 40

Theories of Schizophrenia
* Diathesis-stress model

Answer 40

– Environmental stressors can trigger physical vulnerabilities
– Vulnerability may be genetic
* Strong correlations in twin studies
– Vulnerability may be a brain abnormality
* Research suggests prenatal neural differences
* Synaptic pruning in adolescence may trigger early episodes
– Vulnerability in neurotransmitter levels