Chapter 15 Flashcards
Defining ‘Abnormal’ - Which 3 models are based on; Abnormal thoughts or belief’s, violation of social norms, and changes in biological functioning
Cognitive, sociocultural, biological model
Abnormality is inextricably attached to ——-, expectations and ——–
cultural norms, laws
Ex. of abnormality:
ADHD in the U.S. vs Europe, Disorders of sexuality, cultural responses to abnormality and mental illness
Definition of Abnormal
A condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, behaviors(unfortunately very broad)
What did Thomas Szasz do:
- Wrote ‘myth of the mental illness’
- Argued that mental disorder classification is an attempt of controlling those who are different
What else did Thomas Szasz criticize?
-Vehemently criticized the system of involuntary commitment
- He preferred the terms “Problems of living”
What model: Criticized —— as turning people into passive patients instead of active controllers of their own lives
medical model
What is DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders is a reference manual for disorder diagnosis and classification
What are advantages of DSM-5
-Can be a useful tool when used properly to diagnose disorders
-Provides systemic structure in future research
-Provides systemic structure for insurance reimbursement
Criticisms of DSM
-# of diagnosis increases with each new edition( 66 in first dsm to over 400 in dsm-5)
-Providing classifications may lead to over diagnosis( ADHD, MPD/DID but the most diagnoses is PD-NOS DESPITE THE 400 DISORDERS)
-There’s particularly a concern with newer dimensional approach risk syndromes
More criticisms of DSM
-People may live up to labels and use them as excuse for little improvement
-Some “disorders” can be everyday issues
-Gives an illusion of OBJECTIVITY
(still subject to norms and individual judgement)
Subjective Latitude and the DSM
* Inattention: Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16 years, or five or more
for adolescents age 17 years and older and adults; symptoms of inattention have been present for
at least 6 months, and they are inappropriate for developmental level:
-Often makes careless mistakes on schoolwork or other activities/ has lack of attention to detail
-Often has trouble retaining attention on certain tasks/ play activities
-Often doesn’t listen to when spoken to directly
-Often does not follow directions or fails to complete them(laundry, chores, tasks, etc.)
-forgetful and forgets necessary items
Panic Disorder
Anxiety disorder in which a person experiences reoccurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom/ death alongside effects of that like fast breathing or dizziness
Phobias
An exadurated/ unrealistic fear in a certain thing or event.
Agoraphobia
A set of phobia often set up by a panic attack, involved with being away from a certain thing, location, or person
-Often self-fulfilling meaning if panic attacks in publics lead to fear it will happen again
PTSD
When a person who has been through traumatic events has symptoms such as numbing, reliving the trauma, detachment, relationship issues, self destructive behaviors
- People usually vicims of abuse, in military service, police, 9//1
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Person feels trapped in repetitive persistent thoughts(obsessive), ritualistic compulsive behavior that are designed to reduce anxiety
-person understands these behaviors are useless but still feels guilt/ anxiety if not performed
-often tied to cleanliness/ contamination
Major depressive disorder
-disturbances in emotion(excessive sadness)
-behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities)
-cognition (thoughts of hopelessness)
Affects about twice as many women as men
– Also Persistent Depressive Disorder, which is more chronic, but may have lower severity of
symptoms
Major depressive disorder-dsm
Requires 5 of the following symptoms in last 2 weeks:
– Depressed mood
– Reduced interest in almost all activities
– Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting
– Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep)
– Change in motor activity (too much or too little)
– Fatigue or loss of energy
– Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
– Reduced ability to think or concentrate
– Recurrent thoughts of death
Depression in Literature
“Death was now a daily presence, blowing over me in cold gusts. Mysteriously and in ways that are
totally remote from normal exile, the gray drizzle of horror induced by depression takes on the quality
of physical pain. But it is not an immediately identifiable pain, like that of a broken limb. It may be
more accurate to say that despair, owing to some evil trick played upon the sick brain by the inhabiting
Probably don’t have to really know but…
Theories of depression
-Biological-genetics and brain chem
-Social-stressful circumstances of peoples lives
-Attachment- problems with close relationships
-Cognitive- negative/ maladaptive habits of thinking or interpreting events(learned hopelessness)
Diathesis- Stress model draws on all these-
Person has an underlying biological vulnerability which is then triggered by stressors in the environment
Mood Disorders- Bipolar disorders- A mood disorder in which a person alternates between episodes of ——— and ———–
(———- ———-)
-Driven by —— ——–
depression and mania
(excessive euphoria)
Brain chemistry
Bipolar Disorder- Personality disorders-
Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder-
A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption
Paranoid Personality Disorder
A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and
jealousy
Personality Disorders- Borderline Personality Disorder- –Intense but —– relationships, fear of abandonment, unrealistic ———, emotional
volatility, ——— behavior
– Controversial because of loose —— ———, possible overdiagnosis
Volatile
self image
self destructive
Diagnostic criteria
Antisocial Personality Disorder-
A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others,
and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy
From the DSM- Antisocial
A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others,
and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy, they are irresponsible, and lack remorse for their actions
Dissociative Identity Disorder used to be called ——– ——— disorder
multiple personality
Dissociative Identity Disorder
marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each
with its own name and traits
Dissociative Identity Disorder-Often has roots in childhood —— ——-
sexual abuse
The identity disassociates or —— in order to ——- ——— while other personality(s) remain happy
splits, repress memories
Did(fight club)
DID is a highly controversial disorder- theres debate over the name ——- vs ——–
personality vs identity
Sociocognitive explanation
Disorder is not an actual fragmenting of the identity or multiple personalities, but is
simply an extreme manifestation of the different roles we all hold
Schizophrenia-
A group of psychotic disorders marked by positive and negative symptoms that indicate a distorted
perception of reality
Diagnosis rates have skyrocketed- Overzealous therapists or better diagnostic criteria?
-Abusing suggestibility
-Rewarding bad behavior in patients by giving them an out
-Rewarding patients by giving them attention
Schizo- pos. symptoms
delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speach, and innapropriate behavior
Schizo- negative symptoms
Lack of affect, loss of motivation, social withdrawal
* May be grouped to form an overall state of catatonic
Delusions-
false beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Glutamate-
major excitatory neurotransmitter
Dopamine-
can affect movement and emotion
Theories of Schizophrenia
* Diathesis-stress model
– Environmental stressors can trigger physical vulnerabilities
– Vulnerability may be genetic
* Strong correlations in twin studies
– Vulnerability may be a brain abnormality
* Research suggests prenatal neural differences
* Synaptic pruning in adolescence may trigger early episodes
– Vulnerability in neurotransmitter levels
