CH 8 PSY 120

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The capacity and structures used for the retention and retrieval of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

defined as the initial learning of information

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

maintaining information over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

the ability to access information when you need it

Question 5

Automatic Processing

Answer 5

a type of thinking or cognition that does not involve any effort or deliberation.

Question 6

Effortful processing

Answer 6

occurs when something necessitates our conscious effort and attention to commit something to memory.

Question 7

Sensory memory

Answer 7

the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain and relaying through the thalamus

Question 8

Short-term Memory

Answer 8

super quick: It stores information briefly

Question 9

Working Memory

Answer 9

related to short-term memory, but it lasts slightly longer and is involved in the manipulation of information.

Question 10

Long-Term Memory

Answer 10

unlimited storage information to be maintained for long periods, even for life.

Question 11

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory

Answer 11

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory.

Question 12

serial-position effect

Answer 12

the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items in a list better than those in the middle.

Question 12

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 12

the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information.

Question 13

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 13

a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in transferring information into long-term memory. This type of rehearsal is effective because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory.

Question 14

Explicit memory

Answer 14

Memories we consciously try to recall

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

Memories we act on without conscious awareness

Question 16

Declarative memory

Answer 16

facts or memories of past events that can be ‘declared’ rather than performed. Examples might include an important life event, who came to dinner last night, or the date of your mother’s birthday, as well as information about the world. factual and conceptual knowledge we have about the world.

Question 17

Episodic memory

Answer 17

conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, associated emotions, etc.

Question 18

sematic memory

Answer 18

general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives. This general knowledge is intertwined in experience and dependent on culture.

Question 19

Cue-dependent

Answer 19

Memory is cue-dependent and the more connections(cues) you have then the stronger memory you will have.

Question 20

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 20

highly rich, highly detailed memories of a significant moment in your life
However, while we are often very certain of them, we are not often accurate

Neisser’s Challenger study
The day following the Challenger explosion, asked freshmen to describe in detail when/how they heard
Asked them again 2 ½ years later
Scored on similarity from 1-7 points
Of 44 participants, only 3 scored perfect 7
Mean score was 2.95
Over half scored less than 2
Yet all recalled vivid, certain memories

Question 21

Eyewitness Testimony

Answer 21

Loftus’s car crash study shows how leading questions can distort memory
Other studies asked questions about a yield sign or broken headlight, where there was none. The more people repeat these memories, the more certain they become, even if more distorted

Question 22

Validity Effect

Answer 22

increase in perceived validity when a statement is repeated.

Question 23

Decay Theory

Answer 23

Memories decay over time
However, time by itself is not a factor

Question 24

Replacement of memories

Answer 24

As in eyewitness testimony, new or distorted information replaces accurate information

Question 25

Cue-dependent forgetting

Answer 25

Memories still exist, but you lack the cues to activate them in the conceptual network

Question 26

Retroactive Interference

Answer 26

Recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar older material

Question 27

Proactive Interference

Answer 27

Older material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material

Question 28

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 28

inability to learn new memories(More common form)

Question 29

Retrograde

Answer 29

inability to recall old memories
(Less common form)

Question 30

Clive Wearing

Answer 30

Most profound documented case of amnesia