CH 10 PSY 120

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

– “the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.”
– Put another way, it’s a catch-all term for what makes us do what we do

Question 2

two types of motivation

Answer 2

Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

• The pursuit of activity because of internal factors
  – Learning for the sake of learning, pursuing a sport because you love it

Question 4

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 4

• The pursuit of an activity because of external factors
  – Pursuing acting or sports for money and fame

Question 5

• Drive (reduction) theory

Answer 5

– Organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis (an optimal balance) within various biological needs
– If we deviate from homeostasis, we will experience a drive to address and reduce that need
primary and secondary drive.

Question 6

Primary drive

Answer 6

those that are biological and innate

Question 7

secondary drive

Answer 7

those that are conditioned and learned

Question 8

• Optimal arousal theory

Answer 8

– We are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological arousal
– If underaroused we become bored, but if overaroused may feel stressed and overwhelmed

Question 9

• Self-determination theory

Answer 9

– We are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of our destiny
– Focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness within social groups

Question 10

Goals

Answer 10

• To enhance motivation, goals should be specific and achievable
  – If not specific, hard to define a course to achieve
  – If not achievable, can lead to frustration, giving up

Question 11

Approach goals

Answer 11

goals we seek or aspire toward
– Trying to become good at a sport

Question 12

Avoidance goals

Answer 12

• Avoidance goals – goals we want to avoid
  – Avoiding public embarrassment, financial ruin

Question 13

• Performance goals

Answer 13

performing well in front of others, being judged well
– Hitting off the first tee of a golf course

Question 14

Mastery Goals

Answer 14

increasing competence and skills
– Hitting the ball well, even when nobody’s watching

Question 15

– Approach-Approach Conflict

Answer 15

• Choice between two appealing activities or goals
• Choosing a new car when you have money for it

Question 16

– Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 16

• Choosing between the “lesser of the evils”
• Many people feel this way about elections

Question 17

– Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 17

• Choice has both positive and negative outcomes
• Offered a promotion, but it requires a transfer

Question 18

bariatric surgery

Answer 18

type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

Question 19

basolateral complex

Answer 19

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

Question 20

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 20

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

Question 21

cognitive-mediational theory

Answer 21

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus. An individual’s thoughts, judgements, perceptions, and expectations function as mediators for impending behavior.

Question 22

cultural display rule

Answer 22

one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable

Question 23

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 23

emotions arise from physiological arousal

Question 24

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 24

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex
tasks are best performed when arousal is lower