CH 10 PSY 120 Flashcards
Motivation
– “the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.”
– Put another way, it’s a catch-all term for what makes us do what we do
two types of motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
- The pursuit of activity because of internal factors
– Learning for the sake of learning, pursuing a sport because you love it
Extrinsic motivation
- The pursuit of an activity because of external factors
– Pursuing acting or sports for money and fame
- Drive (reduction) theory
– Organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis (an optimal balance) within various biological needs
– If we deviate from homeostasis, we will experience a drive to address and reduce that need
primary and secondary drive.
Primary drive
those that are biological and innate
secondary drive
those that are conditioned and learned
- Optimal arousal theory
– We are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological arousal
– If underaroused we become bored, but if overaroused may feel stressed and overwhelmed
- Self-determination theory
– We are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of our destiny
– Focused on autonomy, competence, and relatedness within social groups
Goals
- To enhance motivation, goals should be specific and achievable
– If not specific, hard to define a course to achieve
– If not achievable, can lead to frustration, giving up
Approach goals
goals we seek or aspire toward
– Trying to become good at a sport
Avoidance goals
- Avoidance goals – goals we want to avoid
– Avoiding public embarrassment, financial ruin
- Performance goals
performing well in front of others, being judged well
– Hitting off the first tee of a golf course
Mastery Goals
increasing competence and skills
– Hitting the ball well, even when nobody’s watching
– Approach-Approach Conflict
- Choice between two appealing activities or goals
- Choosing a new car when you have money for it
– Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
- Choosing between the “lesser of the evils”
- Many people feel this way about elections
– Approach-Avoidance Conflict
- Choice has both positive and negative outcomes
- Offered a promotion, but it requires a transfer
bariatric surgery
type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amount of food that can be eaten and/or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed
basolateral complex
part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
cognitive-mediational theory
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus. An individual’s thoughts, judgements, perceptions, and expectations function as mediators for impending behavior.
cultural display rule
one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of emotions that are acceptable
James-Lange theory of emotion
emotions arise from physiological arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law
simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex
tasks are best performed when arousal is lower
