chapter 15 Flashcards
bone head
rounded end of bone
condyle
rounded knuckle like process, at end of bone
epicondyle
small rounded process, above condyle
trochanters
large and small processes for tendon attachements on femur
tuberosity (tubercle)
round elevation where tendons and muscles attach on humerus, heel bone (calcaneuous), and pelvis
fissure
narrow groove or slit opening
foramen
opening for blood vessels and nerves
fossa
shallow cavity in or on bone
sinus
hollow cavity within bone
ethmoid bone
supports nasal cavity and eye sockets
frontal bone
forehead, part of eye sockets
occipital
back and base of skull
parietal bone
top and side of skull
sphenoid bone
base of skull, behind eyes (bat shaped)
temporal bone
lower sides and back of skull
lacrimal bones
corners of each eye
mandible
lower jawbone
maxillae
upper jawbones
nasal bones
bridge and septum of nose
vomer
nasal septum (thin, flat bone)
zygomatic bones
cheek bones
calc/o, calci/o
calcium
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback (curvature in thoracic region)
lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
lord/o
curve, swayback (anterior curvature in lumbar region)
lumb/o
loins, lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of structure)
vertebra
vertebr/o (used to describe structure itself)
vertebra
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
-malacia
softening
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (posterior part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
mandibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatarsa/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbow)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/o
pelvis
phalang/o
phalanges (finger and/or toe bones)
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of pelvic bone)
radi/o
radius (forearm bone - thumb side)
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder bone)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tars/o
tarsals (bones of the mid and hindfoot)
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (forearm bone, little finger side)
ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from surface of bone
fracture
traumatic breaking of bone
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
osteomalacia
softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
talipes
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chrond/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
waterfy flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o, tendin/o
tendon
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by deposition of uric acid crystals
osteoarthritis (OA)
progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, specifically synovial membrane
bunion
enlargement of bone or tissue around joint at the base of big toe
carpal tunnel syndrome (cts)
compression of median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist
dislocation
displacement of bone from its joint
ganglion cyst
fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendon
herniation of an intervertebral disc
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into spinal canal or nerves
lyme disease (lyme arthritis)
chronic, recurrent disorder marked by server arthritis, myalgia, malaise; caused by tick
sprain
injury, involves overstretching of ligaments around joint
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, cns, heart, lungs
flexion
decreasing angle between two bones, bending
extension
increasing angle between two bones, straightening out
abduction
movement away from midline
adduction
movement toward midline
rotation
circular movement around axis
dorsiflexion
decreasing angle of ankle join so foot moves upward
plantar flexion
motion that moves foot downward toward ground
supination
applied to hand and forearm: elbow is bent, act of turning palm up
applied to food: outward roll of foot/ankle
pronation
applied to hand and forearm: elbow is bent, act of turning palm down
applied to foot: inward roll of foot/ankle
fasci/o
fascia
fibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines walls of internal organs
my/o
muscle
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myos/o
muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
muscular dystrophy
grp of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degen of muscle fibers, doesn’t involve nervous sytem
polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
antinuclear antibody test (ana)
detects antibody presence in serum of patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures time i takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of test tube
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for presence of antibody found in patients with RA
serum calcium (CA)
measurement of calcium level in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of enzyme creatine kinase in serum
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from joint space
arthrography
taking xray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of joint with arthroscope
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low energy xray absorption in bones of spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
bone scan
uptake of radioactive substance is measured in bone
discography
xray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of disc)
electromyography (emg)
recording electrical activity of muscle tissue
magnetic resonance imaging (mri)
strong magnetic field and advanced computing tech are used to create high res images of soft tissues inside body
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination to asses for abnormalities or disease
