Chapter 14.2 Flashcards
- List the names of the most common male hormone and female hormones
Male
Testosterone (androgens)
Female
Estrogens & progestins
- State the function of testicular Leydig cells and (will be on test)
create testosterone
stimulate spermatogenesis & increase male characteristics (deep voice, etc.)
Sertoli cells
Sertoli cells increase the production of androgen binding protein (ABP) & come from testosterone
- State the primary effects of sex hormones in males
Stimulate spermatogenesis - production & development of sperm
stimulate male characteristics
- Identify the established indications and other clinical uses for testosterone therapy.(will be on test)
Clinical use
Testosterone therapy can be used as testosterone replacement
Seen in post-orchiectomy - hypogonadism - age related
Breast cancer
hereditary angioedema
- State the rationale for androgen abuse.
anabolic steroid - taken to increase muscle size & strength
- State whether excessive use of large doses of androgens can increase muscle size, muscle strength, and athletic performance in healthy men.
It increases size, strength & performance but don’t know if the growth is due to hypertrophy of drugs or the excessive exercising due to increased aggressiveness
- Define the term “stacking” regarding androgen use.
taking more than 1 drug at the same time
- List the problems identified when androgens are used inappropriately.
liver damage - CV disease - abnormal bone metabolism - mood swings(aggression) - altered sexual function
- State the primary effects of sex hormones in females.
Estrogen & progesterone effect
sexual maturation - regulate uterine cycle - characteristics - periods
- State the hormonal factors influencing ovulation during the menstrual cycle.
1st half of the cycle = ESTROGEN PEAKS
Mid cycle = LH SURGE LEADING TO OVULATION
2nd half of cycle = ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
- Identify the pharmacological uses of female sex hormones
hypogonadism, regulate uterine and menstrual cycles, menopausal symptoms, postmenopausal osteoporosis, cancer and endometriosis
- Identify the typical hormonal components of most oral contraceptives.
typically have estrogen & progesterone combined together
Alternatives
Progesterone only pills (minipill)
Progesterone implants (injections)
- State the traditional oral contraceptive administration schedule.
take active pil for 3 weeks then a placebo pill for 1 week
- List the primary actions of traditional oral contraceptives.
Mimic monthly uterine cycles but inhibit ovulation - alters development of endometrial lining - alter mucus in cervix & impedes sperm passage
- List the ingredient in the “morning after” (or Plan B) contraceptive.
levonorgestrel (Synthetic progestin)
- State how the Plan B “morning after” pill works
partial agonist of progesterone receptors so that the drug binds to receptors & impairs ability of the body to promote its own ovulation.
- List the ingredient in the abortion pill RU-486.
Mifepristone (progesterone receptor blocker) - Antiprogestin
- State how the abortion pill RU-486 works
blocks progestin which is largely responsible for sustaining the placenta & fetus, progestin receptors are blocked & there is a detachment of placenta & fetus leading to fetus death.
- List potential problems with oral contraceptives.
CV disease (strokes & MI) - cancer
- List factors that increase risk with oral contraceptives.
Smoking - family history of CV disease - Advanced age - prolonged use
- State the beneficial effects associated with estrogen replacement therapy used after menopause
bone mineralization - CV health
primary risk
Cancer - stroke - deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- State the rationale for using selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS
Stimulates estrogen receptors on bone - blockers estrogen receptors on breast & uterus - get best effects of hormone replacements w/ out major side effects of progesterone
- State the non-pharmacologic interventions that a physical therapist can recommend to a woman taking estrogen replacement therapy to sustain bone mineral density.
weight bearing exercise (walking - zumba)
improve diet
watch intake of foods w/ phytoestrogens
Make sure she does not smoke
- State the two primary thyroid hormones.
Thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3) (both contain iodine)
- List the primary effects of the thyroid hormone.
Produce general increase in metabolism
Increase in cell metabolism - basal metabolic rate - body temperature - CV output & respiration
Have an important role in normal growth & development
- Identify the classic symptoms of hyperthyroidism
nervous - low body weight - tachycardia - heat intolerance - muscle wasting
hypothyroidism
lethargic - weight gain - bradycardia - cold intolerance - weakness
- State the therapeutic category for each of the following drugs: levonorgestrel (Plan B One-Step®)
Emergency contraception
mifepristone (Mifeprex®),
Abortion drug (antiprogestrin)
raloxifene (Evista®)
SERMS
levothyroxine (Synthroid®),
T4 replacement
I-131 radioactive iodine.
Antithyroid agent
- State the considerations of a physical therapist working with patients using sex hormones
Pt should routinely monitor BP due to high salt & water retention that can promote hypertension
educate patients
medications to treat a disorder of the thyroid
monitor patients for signs of overdose & underdose
too much can lead to hyperthyroidism
too little lead can lead to hypothyroidism
