Chapter 14: Morality, Altruism, And Cooperation

Question 1

What is moral judgement?

Answer 1

What we universally consider to be right / wrong?

Question 2

What is Moral dumbfounding?

Answer 2

Gut feelings that lead moral convictions

Question 3

What is Social intuitionist model of moral judgement?

Answer 3

First emotional responses to events which influence their process of reasoning of right / wrong

Question 4

What is the Moral foundations theory?

Answer 4

Moral judgements are shaped by deep intuitions. Five domains and their universal blueprints.

1) care/harm = concern for the suffering of others

2) fairness/ reciprocity = concerns that others act fairly

3) ingroup loyalty = commitment to in groups

4) authority / respect = honouring your place in social hierarchies

5) purity / sanctity = avoiding danger

Liberals value harm and fairness

Conservatives value authority loyalty and purity

Question 5

What is altruism?

Answer 5

Pro social behaviour that benefits others and not yourself

Question 6

What are the selfish motives in altruism

Answer 6

1) social reward: like praise, and attention

2) personal distress: helping others in distress might come from a need to reduce your own distress

3) empathetic concern: identifying with someone in need including feeling and understanding what the person is experiencing , accompanied with the intention to help them.

Question 7

What does emotional empathy correlate with?

Answer 7

Helping others

Question 8

What is anonymous altruism?

Answer 8

More empathetic concern causes people to behave more altruistically, even when anonymous.

Question 9

Are kids empathetic?

Answer 9

Kids tend to want to help others, could show empathy is innate

Question 10

What is Volunteerism:

Answer 10

Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation

Question 11

A pristine example of altruism failing (freebie)

Answer 11

Kitty genovese

Question 12

How does the presence of others affect situational intervention?

Answer 12

Bystander intervention, assistance given by a witness to someone in need

Diffusion of responsibility: assuming another bystander will help, which reduces the sense of responsibility.

More people around -> less likely to help

Question 13

What is victim characteristics? (And how to they influence getting help)

Answer 13

More likely to help those similar to them

Question 14

Do we help in ambiguous situations?

Answer 14

Not really,

We usually like to help in clear situations

Question 15

How to combat pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 15

1) make your need clear

2) select a specific person

Question 16

How does culture affect altruism?

Answer 16

Rural areas= more likely to help

Why? Urban areas are overwhelming, so ignore a lot.

Rural areas are also less diverse, so more likely to help others like you

Question 17

How does social class impact altruism?

Answer 17

Those with less give more

Those with more give less

Question 18

What happens when primed with religion?

Answer 18

More likely to give

Question 19

What happens when primed with civic things (jury/court)

Answer 19

More likely to givd

Question 20

Why hasn’t altruism been selected out?

Answer 20

Kin selection- kindness to relatives increase their likelihood of survival, therefore passing genes on

Reciprocity- help guides actions, and get rewards in return

Question 21

What is reciprocal altruism?

Answer 21

Helping others with the expectation they will probably return the favour in the future

Question 22

What is the prisoners dilemma?

Answer 22

Two people must choose to cooperate or defect. More trust and cooperation gives higher rewards

Question 23

What are the Situational determinants of cooperation?

Answer 23

Reputation, collective beliefs, evaluations and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network

Question 24

How does the title of the prisoners dilemma game influence how cooperative others are?

Answer 24

Community game: cooperative game

Wall Street game: less cooperative, felt they needed to maximize their profits

Question 25

How does culture impact cooperation?

Answer 25

More dependent: offered more to share

Economics students: less likely to share

Question 26

What is the tit for tat strategy (prisoners dilemma)

Answer 26

First move is cooperative

Then mimic the other persons behaviour (cooperative/competitive)

Very forgiving, cooperative, not too harsh, not envious, and very easy to read