Chapter 10: Stereotyping, Prejudice, And Discrimination Flashcards
What is a stereotype?
A belief that a certain attribute are characteristics of members of a particular group.
Taking a belief you assume about a group and project it onto an individual from the group
What is prejudice?
An attitude/affective response (positive/negative) towards a group and its individual members.
What is discrimination?
Favourable / unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership to a group
What does stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination refer to? (Three things)
Beliefs
Attitudes
And behaviours
What is contemporary prejudice?
Norms about views on groups have been constantly evolving.
Since the norms change relatively recently ➡️ people can experience conflict with what they feel and what they think they should feel.
Today there may be more subtitle forms of racism BUT old fashioned racism isn’t dead.
What is modern racism?
Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.
Ex. Reject stereotypes but be suspicious and feel animosity to other races.
Give an example of how discrimination is masked?
Not helping a black person if you aren’t socially expected to help
What is “benevolent” racism and sexism?
Ex. Helping hold a woman’s car door open.
Benevolent acts with prejudice driving the actions.
*Note benevolent sexism and hostile sexism often exist together
Why is benevolent prejudices harder to change?
Because for example, the warmth to women can mask hostile beliefs and opinions.
What are the two ways to measure attitudes about groups?
1) Give subject list adjectives and have them align all of them to groups.
- ex. Old (kind, nice, helpful) Vs old (lazy, dumb, useless)
2) self report questionnaires
BUT survey of people’s attitudes can’t always be trusted. Ex. If it’s not socially acceptable to express the attitude
Describe the two indirect measures of attitudes: (the implicit association test and priming)
the implicit association: technique for revealing nonconcious attitudes towards different stimuli, particularly groups of people!
*ex, connecting words to groups to see if there’s an association. Ex. Men ➡️ strength
Priming and implicit prejudice
Presentation of information designed to activate a concept (like a stereotype) and make it accessible
(Freebie- just an example of priming)
Ex. Show word butter
Recognize bread quicker
Ex. Show nuns
Will recognize good words (kind, trustworthy) or bad words (vindictive, abusive) depending on what you think of nuns.
So in a study,
Ex. Black faces
Recognize negative words more quickly
What is the affect misattribution procedure?
A priming procedure designed to access people’s implicit association to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups.
Ex. Flash of Muslim woman then change screen to Chinese symbol
If they have negative attitudes towards muslims
➡️should rate symbol lower
Economic perspective is?
Intergroup hostility
Vational perspective is?
Psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict
Cognitive perspective is?
Origins of stereotyping that leads people to categorize groups and attitudes
What is realistic group conflict theory?
Groups develop prejudice and discrimination when they’re competing with another group for resources. (Usually limited resources)
Prejudice should be stronger with groups that have the most to lose from the economic advantage of the other group
What is Ethnocentrism?
Glorifying one’s group and vilifying the other group ex. Christians.
What is the robbers cave experiment?
Group of boys
Split into groups
Competition
In group hostility starts
Then to end hostility: have the groups work together to stop a crisis.
Then: friendly
What is the motivational perspective?
Intergroup hostility can exist as long as there’s another group
(Don’t NEED competition)
What is the minimal group paradigm?
An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are incline to behave towards one another.
People put into a group would reward their own team members with more points.
Maximizing relative gain
What is social identity theory?
Idea that a persons self concept and self esteem derive from not only personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs.
Basking in reflected glory
When win = “we won!!!”
When lose= “he lost”
What is Denigrating outgroups to bolster self esteem?
Criticizing other groups makes people feel better about their own group and themselves.
What happens if someone has just been criticized by a black doctor?
Quicker at recognizing words related to black stereotypes (jazz/rap)
What is the cognitive perspective on categorizing?
We like to categorize cuz it helps us simplify confusing reality.
What are stereotypes and the conservation of cognitive resources?
If stereotypes are schemas that we use when we need a shortcut.
➡️ then we should use them when we’re overloaded, tired or mentally taxed
In a study:
People were more likely to use stereotypes when morning people were tired at night and night people were tired in the morning
In another study: you’re more likely to use stereotypes when multitasking (use of stereotypes allowed them to focus on the second task)
Describe the Hannah study (little girl with two backgrounds)
Assumed she’d do worse on test in neighborhood with low SES
Classism!
What are illusory correlations?
See correlations when not there
How does distinctiveness and illusory correlations intersect?
People notice distinctive events
If a minority does something distinctively bad = notice.
May illusory correlate it, and assume all people in that group act like that.
What is paired distinctiveness?
Pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more cuz they occur together.
(Freebie) about racial identities and paired distinctiveness example.
If you see a Polynesian person for the first time and they spit on your shoe
You may be tempted to conclude that they all suck
Expectations of biased info processing study example (fighting study)
If white person shoves black man “playing around” to kids
If black person shoves white man “aggressive behaviour” to kids
What are self fulfilling prophesies?
Expect a race to be hostile
Act guarded around them
Get a cold response
Assume all people of that race are cold and hostile
One big cycle!
What is explaining away exceptions?
People don’t like to give up stereotypes.
Explain away people who don’t fit the stereotype
What is subtyping? (Relates to stereotyping)
Explaining away exceptions by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole.
Ex. All women are domestic
So women with careers are militant feminists
How do people construe behaviour to match the stereotype?
Ex. See Jew be generous, and assume they must be hiding their true nature because there are people watching.
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect
Tendency to assume that writhing group similarity is much stronger for outgroups then for in groups
Why? We tend to be around more of in group people
What is Own race identification?
The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race then from other races.
What is automatic and controlled processing?
Some prejudice is automatic and some is controlled.
If participants found something that violated a norm, an ERP showed higher activity.
Ex. The firefighter grabbed her hose.
Automatic stereotyping can make you assume a black person has a weapon even if they dont
Five ways to reduce discrimination
1) representation
Ex. Children reading books about disabled and abled people being friends.
2) Soap operas
3) Social media
Ex. Getting called out by a large creator for racism
4) Cognitive / emotional training interventions
Put yourself in their shoes
5) kindness and meditation
What is the contact hypothesis?
Prejudice can reduce if both groups have frequent contact
To reduce in group conflict we should: (4 things)
1) Groups need equal status
2) have a shared goal
3) community support
4) should encourage Intergroup one on one communication
When we keep with individuals from outgroups we?
See them as individuals and not their group stereotypes
What are the two widely examined ideologies to reduce prejudice?
Multiculturalism:
The acknowledgment and appreciation of people’s unique cultural and ethnic identities
Colourblindness:
Downplaying and ignoring cultural and ethnic group differences
This can lead to avoiding race all together and lead to more prejudice
(Multiculturalism is preferred (generally) by POC, it encourages diversity policies.)
(Downsides: makes white peeps feel left out and race essentialism)
How does diversity training affect bias?
Might not be super effective
Companies could use this as edvidence as to why they aren’t racist or prejudiced.
To fix, just hire more diverse people
