Chapter 10: Stereotyping, Prejudice, And Discrimination

Question 1

What is a stereotype?

Answer 1

A belief that a certain attribute are characteristics of members of a particular group.

Taking a belief you assume about a group and project it onto an individual from the group

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

An attitude/affective response (positive/negative) towards a group and its individual members.

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Favourable / unfavourable treatment of individuals based on their membership to a group

Question 4

What does stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination refer to? (Three things)

Answer 4

Beliefs

Attitudes

And behaviours

Question 5

What is contemporary prejudice?

Answer 5

Norms about views on groups have been constantly evolving.

Since the norms change relatively recently ➡️ people can experience conflict with what they feel and what they think they should feel.

Today there may be more subtitle forms of racism BUT old fashioned racism isn’t dead.

Question 6

What is modern racism?

Answer 6

Prejudice directed at racial groups that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

Ex. Reject stereotypes but be suspicious and feel animosity to other races.

Question 7

Give an example of how discrimination is masked?

Answer 7

Not helping a black person if you aren’t socially expected to help

Question 8

What is “benevolent” racism and sexism?

Answer 8

Ex. Helping hold a woman’s car door open.
Benevolent acts with prejudice driving the actions.

*Note benevolent sexism and hostile sexism often exist together

Question 9

Why is benevolent prejudices harder to change?

Answer 9

Because for example, the warmth to women can mask hostile beliefs and opinions.

Question 10

What are the two ways to measure attitudes about groups?

Answer 10

1) Give subject list adjectives and have them align all of them to groups.
- ex. Old (kind, nice, helpful) Vs old (lazy, dumb, useless)

2) self report questionnaires

 BUT survey of people’s attitudes can’t always be trusted. Ex. If it’s not socially acceptable to express the attitude

Question 11

Describe the two indirect measures of attitudes: (the implicit association test and priming)

Answer 11

the implicit association: technique for revealing nonconcious attitudes towards different stimuli, particularly groups of people!

*ex, connecting words to groups to see if there’s an association. Ex. Men ➡️ strength

Priming and implicit prejudice
Presentation of information designed to activate a concept (like a stereotype) and make it accessible

Question 12

(Freebie- just an example of priming)

Answer 12

Ex. Show word butter
Recognize bread quicker

Ex. Show nuns
Will recognize good words (kind, trustworthy) or bad words (vindictive, abusive) depending on what you think of nuns.

So in a study,

Ex. Black faces
Recognize negative words more quickly

Question 13

What is the affect misattribution procedure?

Answer 13

A priming procedure designed to access people’s implicit association to various ethnic, racial, gender, and occupational groups.

Ex. Flash of Muslim woman then change screen to Chinese symbol

If they have negative attitudes towards muslims
➡️should rate symbol lower

Question 14

Economic perspective is?

Answer 14

Intergroup hostility

Question 15

Vational perspective is?

Answer 15

Psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict

Question 16

Cognitive perspective is?

Answer 16

Origins of stereotyping that leads people to categorize groups and attitudes

Question 17

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Answer 17

Groups develop prejudice and discrimination when they’re competing with another group for resources. (Usually limited resources)

Prejudice should be stronger with groups that have the most to lose from the economic advantage of the other group

Question 18

What is Ethnocentrism?

Answer 18

Glorifying one’s group and vilifying the other group ex. Christians.

Question 19

What is the robbers cave experiment?

Answer 19

Group of boys

Split into groups

Competition

In group hostility starts

Then to end hostility: have the groups work together to stop a crisis.

Then: friendly

Question 20

What is the motivational perspective?

Answer 20

Intergroup hostility can exist as long as there’s another group

(Don’t NEED competition)

Question 21

What is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 21

An experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these “minimal groups” are incline to behave towards one another.

People put into a group would reward their own team members with more points.

Maximizing relative gain

Question 22

What is social identity theory?

Answer 22

Idea that a persons self concept and self esteem derive from not only personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs.

Question 23

Basking in reflected glory

Answer 23

When win = “we won!!!”

When lose= “he lost”

Question 24

What is Denigrating outgroups to bolster self esteem?

Answer 24

Criticizing other groups makes people feel better about their own group and themselves.

Question 25

What happens if someone has just been criticized by a black doctor?

Answer 25

Quicker at recognizing words related to black stereotypes (jazz/rap)

Question 26

What is the cognitive perspective on categorizing?

Answer 26

We like to categorize cuz it helps us simplify confusing reality.

Question 27

What are stereotypes and the conservation of cognitive resources?

Answer 27

If stereotypes are schemas that we use when we need a shortcut.

➡️ then we should use them when we’re overloaded, tired or mentally taxed

In a study:
People were more likely to use stereotypes when morning people were tired at night and night people were tired in the morning

In another study: you’re more likely to use stereotypes when multitasking (use of stereotypes allowed them to focus on the second task)

Question 28

Describe the Hannah study (little girl with two backgrounds)

Answer 28

Assumed she’d do worse on test in neighborhood with low SES

Classism!

Question 29

What are illusory correlations?

Answer 29

See correlations when not there

Question 30

How does distinctiveness and illusory correlations intersect?

Answer 30

People notice distinctive events

If a minority does something distinctively bad = notice.

May illusory correlate it, and assume all people in that group act like that.

Question 31

What is paired distinctiveness?

Answer 31

Pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more cuz they occur together.

Question 32

(Freebie) about racial identities and paired distinctiveness example.

Answer 32

If you see a Polynesian person for the first time and they spit on your shoe

You may be tempted to conclude that they all suck

Question 33

Expectations of biased info processing study example (fighting study)

Answer 33

If white person shoves black man “playing around” to kids

If black person shoves white man “aggressive behaviour” to kids

Question 34

What are self fulfilling prophesies?

Answer 34

Expect a race to be hostile

Act guarded around them

Get a cold response

Assume all people of that race are cold and hostile

One big cycle!

Question 35

What is explaining away exceptions?

Answer 35

People don’t like to give up stereotypes.

Explain away people who don’t fit the stereotype

Question 36

What is subtyping? (Relates to stereotyping)

Answer 36

Explaining away exceptions by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole.

Ex. All women are domestic

So women with careers are militant feminists

Question 37

How do people construe behaviour to match the stereotype?

Answer 37

Ex. See Jew be generous, and assume they must be hiding their true nature because there are people watching.

Question 38

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 38

Tendency to assume that writhing group similarity is much stronger for outgroups then for in groups

Why? We tend to be around more of in group people

Question 39

What is Own race identification?

Answer 39

The tendency for people to be better able to recognize and distinguish faces from their own race then from other races.

Question 40

What is automatic and controlled processing?

Answer 40

Some prejudice is automatic and some is controlled.

If participants found something that violated a norm, an ERP showed higher activity.
Ex. The firefighter grabbed her hose.

Automatic stereotyping can make you assume a black person has a weapon even if they dont

Question 41

Five ways to reduce discrimination

Answer 41

1) representation
Ex. Children reading books about disabled and abled people being friends.

2) Soap operas

3) Social media
Ex. Getting called out by a large creator for racism

4) Cognitive / emotional training interventions
Put yourself in their shoes

5) kindness and meditation

Question 42

What is the contact hypothesis?

Answer 42

Prejudice can reduce if both groups have frequent contact

Question 43

To reduce in group conflict we should: (4 things)

Answer 43

1) Groups need equal status

2) have a shared goal

3) community support

4) should encourage Intergroup one on one communication

Question 44

When we keep with individuals from outgroups we?

Answer 44

See them as individuals and not their group stereotypes

Question 45

What are the two widely examined ideologies to reduce prejudice?

Answer 45

Multiculturalism:
The acknowledgment and appreciation of people’s unique cultural and ethnic identities

Colourblindness:
Downplaying and ignoring cultural and ethnic group differences
This can lead to avoiding race all together and lead to more prejudice

(Multiculturalism is preferred (generally) by POC, it encourages diversity policies.)

(Downsides: makes white peeps feel left out and race essentialism)

Question 46

How does diversity training affect bias?

Answer 46

Might not be super effective

Companies could use this as edvidence as to why they aren’t racist or prejudiced.

To fix, just hire more diverse people