Chapter 13 - Aggression Flashcards
What is the general aggression model?
A broad approach to understanding the causes of aggression with situational factors.
It focuses on:
- Construal factors
- Biological factors
- Situational factors
- And cultural contributors
What is hostile aggression?
Behaviour intended to harm someone (physically/psychologically) that is motivated by anger and hostility
What is Instrumental aggression?
Behaviour intended to harm another person for a motive other then pure hostility (like getting attention, money, political causes or idealogical causes)
How does hot weather effect hostility?
In a hot room people are more aggressive to people if they’re provoked.
If police are trained in a hot room, perceive criminals more violently they they really are.
People will often misplace anger to something other then the heat.
What happens when watching aggressive media?
Watching aggressive films lead people to be more aggressive.
After watching more aggressive pornographic films caused men to endorse violence against women.
- people may be more likely to view the violence as justified if they identify with the perpetrator.
How do violent video games effect aggression?
After playing video games, aggression is increased immediately in a lab setting.
What did the results of longitudinal studies of aggression show?
1) increase in agresssion, such as giving increased punishment to confederates in a study.
2) Reduce pro social behaviour (intent that benefits others)
3) Increase aggressive behaviour (world is hostile and people deserve aggression)
4) aggressive emotions (anger) go up
5) increase blood pressure and heart rate
How do people react to social rejection?
People may
1) Increase pro social behaviour
2) withdraw socially
3) aggression
This could be a biological thing, we needed others for survival in the early days, so being left out used to mean death!
How does income inequality effect aggression?
Countries with more income inequality have more violent crime.
Maybe because those at the bottom may be experiencing feelings of rejection.
-frustration, anger, less trust (goodwill).
How do green spaces effect aggression?
Access to nature calms people down.
How do we react to anger?
Anger is an unpleasant stimulus which causes a fight / flight reaction to the anger
-Example if you get cut off in traffic.
We will then construe the situation so we think things are unfair and others have hostile intentions.
How do guns effect hostility?
Participants who were shocked felt more hostility when a gun was in the room.
-They were only more aggressive only when already angry
-This does not apply for hunters, because they construe guns as recreation and fun as opposed to violence.
What is dehumanization?
The attribution of non-human characteristics and denial of human qualities to groups other the one’s own.
It’s easier to harm people when we feel like their less then!
When we feel committed to a group, we tend to dehumanize out group members.
-(Ex. Sports team/ opposing team)
How does POV stop angry tendencies?
When you switch from first person to a distance POV, help us think of the events as a single moment in time and less important.
We reason others problems more calmly them our own.
What is the culture of honour?
A culture defined by its members strong concerns about theirs and others reputations. Leading to sensitivity to insults and willingness to use violence to avenge any perceived slight (ex. Us south)
Firm rules of politeness brings less violence
But if any transgressions it leads to more violence. This is because they descend from/ or are herders (they need to look and act tough, so people know not to mess with them- and steal their animals).
What are rape prone cultures?
A culture in which rape tends to be used as an act of war against enemy women, as a ritual act, or threat against subservient women to keep them subservient.
Characteristics of rape prone cultures?
1) high level of violence generally. Emphasis on male toughness and war.
2) subordinating women (lower status in society)
(Violence in step-families) What is inclusive fitness?
An individuals reproductive success, which ensures their gene transfer to future generations.
Since step parents don’t share genes with step children - so only (cast) effort and no benefit (passing of genes).
What is physical aggression (gender and aggression)
Usually done by men.
What is relational aggression? (gender and aggression)
Usually done by women. (Gossip, alliances, exclusion, and social rejection to hurt others).
Why might men be more physically violent?
-gives access to reproductive opportunities
-men fight for the chance to have kids
Why might women be more relationally violent?
-women can usually pass on genes with reproduction
-no need to fight
How does testosterone interact with men?
1) men w/dominant behaviours have more testosterone
2) men who care about status have more testosterone
*Note: men can also be socialized to show physical aggression
What is the precarious manhood hypothesis?
Men’s gender identity, which involves strength and toughness, can be lost and that loss triggers aggressive behaviour.
What is misperception and polarization?
Often uses propaganda to turn their conflict as a fight between good and evil.
Propaganda fuels social conflict in two ways:
1) Conflicts are polarized. People fall into one of the two opposing groups
-people tend to overestimate the the extremity of their opponents position
2) Misconstruing ones opponents is a bias called:
-reactive devaluation: the tendency to attach less value to an offer in a negotiation once the opposing group makes it.
The complexity of speech is determined by:
1) The level of differentiation or number of ideas in the position.
2) The level of integration / connection drawn among different ideas
What happens when you allow adversaries to communicate?
When in conflict, most adversaries don’t speak / communicate (ex. Divorce or war)
By allowing adversaries to communicate it reduces the levels of conflict
Imagining others perspectives and hearing their stories reduces hostility
What is restorative Justice?
Having perpetrators of harm take responsibility and apologize to those they’ve harmed, and have the individuals express their grievances.
Are we moving to a less violent world?
Now: one of the least aggressive periods in history
-cultural shifts in violence
