chapter 14 final review Flashcards
Who was Ranald MacDonald?
The son of a princess, and the son of a scottish official who worked at the Hudson’s Bay Company. When he was younger he heard about a story of three japanese sailors who shipwrecked in fort vancouver and as he grew so did his plan to visit Japan. He dreamed of becoming an interpreter and teacher, to gain fame and fortune when Japan would eventually open up to the world.
Canada has one of the highest per capita rates in the world, what does per capita mean?
average per person
By the late 1500s and early 1600s, the ruling shogun came to consider what about foreigners?
That they were a threat to his military control
In 1614, how did the shogun respond to rumors about takeover plots by foreigners?
Christian missionaries and were ordered out of the country.
What started happening to Churches, and Christians who refused to give up their faith?
Churches were destroyed, and Japanese Christians who refused to give up their faith were executed.
This persecution lasted until when, and it is estimated that how much Christians and missionaries were put to death?
This execution lasted until 1640, and many thousands of Japanese christians died, and 70 missionaries were put to death.
What was the difference between when the shogun ordered the Christian daimyos to give up their new religion, and the ronin and the peasants?
The ronin and peasants were way more defiant about switching back.
Missionaries still went to Japan, but disguised as what?
They were disguised as traders
As a result of all this trouble, Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu passed what kind of laws, and what was the penalty for breaking any of these laws?
They were Exclusion laws, the penalty for breaking them was death
What were some terms of Exclusion Laws?
- Ships large enough for long voyages were not able to be made anymore, and the existing ones were destroyed
- Japanese people couldn’t get abroad
- Japanese people who were out of the country were forbidden to return.
- Foreign books were banned, so Christian books and scientific books
- All Christian missionaries and foreign traders were forced to leave Japan. Newcomers were no longer allowed to enter.
What were some other rules that the shogun enforced?
People needed special documents to travel from one domain to another.
All foreigners except for Dutch, Korean, and Chinese traders were expelled.
Wheeled transport was banned
A curfew was installed to keep people from moving around at night.
What did the shogun do in 1639?
In 1639, the shogun banned Portuguese ships in Japan and expelled all foreigners except for Dutch, Korean and Chinese traders.
Who was Will Adams?
He and his crew were arrested and put in jail. Soon after, he was Tokugawa’s personal advisor. Tokugawa was impressed with Adam’s knowledge and told him to help build Japan’s first Western-style ship. It seemed that Japan would become a more open society thanks to Adams
Who was Nakahama Manjiro?
he was the first Japanese man to land in the US. He came back speaking fluent English and this was an advantage for Japan. He wasn’t allowed to translate any books.
While all other Europeans were being expelled from Japan, a small number of Dutch traders were allowed to remain. Why?
They were allowed to remain because they weren’t seen as a threat. They taught Dutch Scholars their language and medicine.
What were some of the laws for the Dutch traders in Japan?
Those Dutch people were more focused on trade instead of religion.
Who were Dutch scholars?
They were Japanese people who learned about Dutch medicine and the Dutch language. They also educated themselves about western ways. The sons of samurai were also sent by their daimyo to study the Dutch language.
What were some positive responses to Western studies in the 1700s?
Importation of European books were allowed, with the exception of books on Christianity. Also the shogun encouraged studies based on astronomy, and an observatory was later built in Edo.
Why were most Japanese not exposed to the new ideas of the West?
Because the shogun was afraid that these ideas might “confuse” them and make them forget that they owed absolute obedience to him.
What were the 3 things that the Japanese thought were important to them?
Peace, safety, and security.
Harmony, respect and a sense that everyone has his or her place.
Leisure time and opportunities for personal expression and enjoyment of the arts, sports, entertainment, and crafts
What were some of the costs that came from all the peace and security in Edo society?
Life was controlled by rigid rules. People could not move from one social class to another. People were not encouraged to think for themselves. There was little personal freedom.
Not all threats to peace and order come from outside a country’s borders. What were some other things that tried to disrupt life? How was this kind of behavior discouraged in Japan?
Crime also disrupts life. Bandits, robbers, and pirates were common in most countries at this time, but because of social control and harsh punishments, this behaviour was not very common in Japan.
What were some factors that helped contribute to Japan being a booming economy?
Farmers increased production by growing 2 crops per season, roads improved, the population increased in urban centres, silver and gold coins were introduced as currency/money.
What were some factors that held the economy back?
Little foreign trade, the overtaxing peasants, and the continued use of rice of payment in transactions held the economy back.
What led to the Japanese being the first people to learn how to scientifically replant forests from seedlings?
Over time, the vast forests in Japan began to dwindle. The loss of trees contributed to soil erosion and floods, which turned into famines. In 1657, a fire destroyed half of Edo. This catastrophe was like a wake-up call for the nation. The shogun then ordered conservation and woodland management. The Japanese became the first people to learn how to scientifically replant forests from seedlings.
What were some things that were included in Japan’s culture?
Kabuki- a form of theatre
Sumo wrestling-originated in ancient times as a religious performance. Haiku- was a new poetry form in the Edo period.
Bunraku-large almost life-sized puppets, who enacted the ordeals of separated lovers or dueling samurai.
Kendo- A Japanese martial art.
Noh-musical dance drama
Cultural activities like kabuki and noh, took place in areas called the_______
floating worlds
How come the Floating World were a place people went to relax?
The floating worlds were a place where people went to relax because the rules that Tokugawa enforced weren’t as strict.
How did the shogun try to end this?
The shogun tried to suppress the kabuki theatre, and discouraged the samurai from wasting their time and money. Rather than closing down the businesses, the authorities kept these entertainment places under close surveillance.
Who was Moriyama Einosuke?
He was one of McDonald’s students, and played an important role in the negotiations bet
After 10 months in Japan, what did Ronald MacDonald do?
He left on an American warship and traveled widely during the rest of his life.
After a while, Japan’s feudal society was becoming ________
outdated
Toward the end of the Edo period, what happened to the merchants?
They gained more power and became wealthy because more and more people needed their services.
How was life for the peasants, the daimyo, and the Samurai?
Peasants- needed money to pay for their high taxes.
Daimyo- because of the high cost of alternate attendance and road construction, the daimyo were nearing bankruptcy.
Samurai- there was little real work for the samurai, and many were too proud to take other jobs. Some even survived by marrying the daughters of merchants.
What were some things that the people accused the Tokugawa of?
People accused him of holding power illegally, and that it rightfully belonged to the emperor this whole time.
What happened to Japan in the late 1700s and early 1800s?
Japan was struck by a huge natural disaster, that killed many people. A third of the population died of starvation, land was deserted because peasants fled into the cities, where they would often not find any work. The rice was super scarce, causing the prices to raise a significant amount. That caused the city dwellers to riot over the price increases and they attacked the home of the wealthy people. Many people felt that the shogunates responses to these problems were ineffective.
What did other countries start doing in the early 1800s?
In the early 1800’s, other countries started trying to get involved in trade with Japan.
What was the “No Second Though Expulsion Order”?
The “No Second Thought Expulsion” stated that a foreign ship seen approaching Japan should be shot/fired at. If the foreigners forced their way onto the shore, they could be captured and imprisoned.
What was the main reason why the United States was interested in Japan?
The main reason was that these countries wanted to trade with Japan, but they also wanted water and coal for their passing ships
