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Nazism > Chapter 14 - final > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - final Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Nazi concept of authority based on?

A

The leadership principle - Hitler’s word was law.

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2
Q

What did the Nazis do to the legal system after January 1933?

A

They forced it to conform to their will rather than replace it.

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3
Q

How was the law applied in Nazi Germany?

A

In an arbitrary and inconsistent pattern.

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4
Q

Who controlled the state police forces?

A

Each individual state controlled their own force.

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5
Q

Who controlled the SS?

A

Heinrich Himmler

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6
Q

What was the SD?

A

An intelligence gathering offshoot of the SS.

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7
Q

Who were the Gestapo?

A

The secret State police force of Prussia which was extended to cover the entire country during 1933.

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8
Q

What did Himmler become and gain control of in 1936?

A

Chief of the German police, controlling the SS, SD, and the Gestapo.

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9
Q

What police organisation was created in 1939?

A

Reich Security Department Headquarters (RHSA)

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10
Q

What did the RHSA do?

A

Placed all party and state police organisations under their control and was supervised by Himmler’s SS.

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11
Q

What did the SS control after 1936?

A

The entire Third Reich police system and the concentration camps.

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12
Q

What were the key values of an SS member?

A

Loyal, obedient, honourable, and racially pure.

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13
Q

When and where was the first concentration camp set up?

A

Dachau, March 1933

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14
Q

What happened to concentration camps after 1936?

A

By then the communists and socialists had been crushed, so the focus turned to undesirables.

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15
Q

Who were asocials?

A

Those who did not conform to the Nazi volksgemeinschaft - beggars, tramps, alcoholics, prostitutes, mentally disabled.

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16
Q

When was the SD established?

A

1931

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17
Q

Why was the SD established?

A

To investigate claims that the party had been infiltrated by its political enemies.

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18
Q

Who led the SD?

A

Reinhard Heydrich

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19
Q

What was the SD’s role after 1933?

A

Intelligence gathering on the public, monitoring public opinion.

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20
Q

How many officers did the SD have by 1939?

A

50,000

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21
Q

Who staffed the SD and why?

A

Amateur Nazi Party members because they were a party organisation, not a state one.

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22
Q

What was the reality of the Gestapo compared to its impression?

A

People thought they had officers in every workplace, pub, and neighbourhood, but in reality they were a small organisation.

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23
Q

How many officers did the Gestapo have by 1939?

A

20,000

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24
Q

Who were the officers of the Gestapo?

A

Professional police officers who saw their role as being to serve the state.

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25
Q

Who were ‘block leaders’?

A

Nazi Party activists who would spy on their neighbours and report activity to the Gestapo.

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26
Q

Why were lawyers a problem for the Nazis?

A

They were politically independent, and many prosecutions against stormtroopers were started by lawyers determined to uphold the law.

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27
Q

When was the Front of German Law created?

A

April 1933

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28
Q

What was the Front of German Law?

A

The organisation created by the Nazis that merged all associations of judges and lawyers into one they could control.

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29
Q

When were People’s Courts set up?

A

April 1934

30
Q

What were People’s Courts?

A

Courts set up to deal with political crimes.

31
Q

What was the makeup of the People’s Courts?

A

3 Nazi judges, 2 professional judges, no juries, defendants could not appeal their sentences.

32
Q

How many people were tried by the People’s Court between 1934 and 1939?

A

3400 - many were given the death penalty.

33
Q

What did the German people tend to think of the new regime?

A

It was preferable to the final years of the Weimar Republic.

34
Q

What did the KPD call the SPD?

A

social-fascists

35
Q

Who ran the SPD after 1933 and from where?

A

Ernst Schumacher from exile in Prague.

36
Q

How did the SPD resist after 1933?

A

They established small cells of supporters in factories, there were some city-based groups such as the Berlin Red Patrol, and they smuggled propaganda pamphlets into the country.

37
Q

What was the priority of the SPD and its members?

A

Survive until a future collapse of the regime rather than mount a serious challenge.

38
Q

How much of the KPD membership was killed during 1933?

A

10%

39
Q

How many strikes were recorded over the whole of 1937?

A

250

40
Q

How long was the strike at the Opel car factory in 1936?

A

17 minutes

41
Q

What happened to the leaders of the strike at the Opel car factory in 1936?

A

7 ringleaders were arrested and imprisoned by the Gestapo.

42
Q

What happened in 1938 in an attempt to clamp down on abesnteeism?

A

The Gestapo arrested 114 workers at a munitions plant in Gleiwitz for absenteeism and slow working.

43
Q

Other than strikes, how else could workers resist?

A
  • Absenteeism
  • Slow working
  • Sabotage
44
Q

What was the only organisation to retain an alternative ideology to the Nazis?

A

The Catholic Church

45
Q

What was the Confessional Church?

A

A group of Protestant pastors who refused to be co-opted into the Reich Church.

46
Q

When was the Confessional Church created?

A

1934

47
Q

What religion was the Confessional Church?

A

Protestant

48
Q

What was the Aryan paragraph?

A

Under the Law for the Reconstruction of the Professional Civil Service, anyone not of Aryan birth had to be dismissed from their job.

49
Q

How many pastors had been arrested by the end of 1937?

A

Over 700

50
Q

When was ‘With Burning Greif’ issued?

A

1937

51
Q

What was ‘With Burning Greif’?

A

Written by the Pope, it was a document smuggled into Germany and read from the pulpit in March 1937 that condemned Nazi hatred of the church.

52
Q

What was resistance from the Catholic Church like overall?

A

It did not move from a narrow defence of its independence and was therefore partial, spasmodic, and ineffective.

53
Q

When was membership of the Hitler Youth made compulsory?

A

1936

54
Q

What did the Nazis want to eliminate?

A

Individuality

55
Q

How did the German youth resist?

A
  • Let their membership of the Hitler Youth lapse.
  • Not attending weekly parades.
  • Humming banned tunes.
  • Forming political gangs such as Meuten gangs.
56
Q

What did Hitler reveal to senior army commanders in November 1937?

A

That he envisaged a union with Austria and an invasion of Czechoslovakia within a year.

57
Q

What was Goebbels aiming for through propaganda?

A

The ‘spiritual mobilisation’ of the German people.

58
Q

When was the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda established?

A

March 1933

59
Q

What did Goebbels say about the aims of propaganda?

A

‘we want to work on people until they have ceased to resist us’

60
Q

How many newspapers had the Nazis acquired by the end of 1933 and what was their circulation?

A

27 daily newspapers; 2.4 million a day.

61
Q

What happened to socialist and communist newspapers under the Nazis?

A

They were closed down using the powers granted under the Decree for the Protection of the People and State.

62
Q

How many broadcasts did Hitler make in 1933?

A

50

63
Q

What percentage of German households possessed a radio by 1939?

A

70% - the highest in the world.

64
Q

When was the Reich Radio Company created?

A

April 1934

65
Q

What was the Reich Radio Company?

A

The organisation that controlled all Germany radio stations, controlled by the Ministry of Popular Enlightenment…

66
Q

Who had to approve of every film made in Germany after 1933?

A

Joseph Goebbels

67
Q

What was Hitler (not the Fuhrer)?

A

The man of destiny.

68
Q

What type of films did Goebbels ban outright?

A

Pacifist films

69
Q

What annual event was stage-managed by the party?

A

Nuremburg rallies in September every year.

70
Q

How many people attended the 1937 Nuremburg rally?

A

100,000

Nazism (19 decks)

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