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Nazism > Chapter 1 - final > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - final Flashcards

1
Q

When was the revolution from above?

A

October 1918

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2
Q

What reforms did the Kaiser make at the recommendation of Ludendorff?

A
  • Appointed Prince Max of Baden as Chancellor.

- Put the army in control of the government.

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3
Q

Why was the revolution from above enacted?

A

It was meant to save Germany from humiliation and preserve the Kaiser’s rule.

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4
Q

What was the Peace Note?

A

A letter from Prince Max of Baden to President Woodrow Wilson asking for an armistice.

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5
Q

When was the Peace Note sent?

A

3 October 1918

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6
Q

How long did it take for President Wilson to reply to the Peace Note and why?

A

Nearly three weeks because he thought it was a ploy to allow the Germans to regroup.

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7
Q

What demands did President Wilson make in order for an armistice to be called?

A
  • Germany must evacuate all occupied territory.
  • Germany must end all submarine warfare.
  • Germany must fully democratise its political system.
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8
Q

What was Ludendorff’s reaction to the demands of the Peace Note?

A

He could not accept them. They would result in the Kaiser abdicating and he had tried to save the Kaiser after all. He tried and failed to launch a final military effort and then fled to Sweden.

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9
Q

What was the effect of the Peace Note on the people and the armed forces?

A

It was a shattering blow to their morale as it was an admission of their defeat.

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10
Q

What happened on 3 November 1918?

A

Sailors at the naval base at Kiel mutinied against their officers and took control of the base.

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11
Q

What was happening by 6 November 1918?

A

Workers’ and soldiers’ councils were springing up all over Germany.

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12
Q

What happened in Bavaria on 8 November 1918?

A

The Bavarian monarchy was deposed and a socialist republic was declared.

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13
Q

When did Prince Max declare the Kaiser had abdicated?

A

9 November 1918; he had not actually done so.

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14
Q

What did Philipp Scheidemann do on 9 November 1918?

A

He stood on the Reichstag balcony and declared the beginning of the German Republic.

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15
Q

Who was the Spartacist League?

A

Precursor to the KPD, a revolutionary minority group formed from the SPD.

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16
Q

Who led the Spartacist League?

A

Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg

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17
Q

Who was the USPD?

A

A breakaway group from the SPD whose ideological position was between the Spartacists and the SPD.

18
Q

Who was the SPD?

A

The largest party in the Reichstag by 1918. Originally set up as a Marxist revolutionary party in 1875, they wanted a socialist republic.

19
Q

had the SPD supported Germany’s entry into the First World War?

A

Yes

20
Q

Who led the SPD?

A

Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann

21
Q

What agreement was reached on 22 November 1918?

A

Ebert’s government agreed that he only exercised power in the name of the Berlin workers’ and soldiers’ councils. These councils had played a major role in bringing about the republic and they were not about to step aside.

22
Q

What was the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

An agreement between the new government and the army that the army would support the government.

23
Q

Why did General Groener want to support Ebert’s new government when Groener, being an aristocrat and supported the rule of the Kaiser, did not favour the creation of a republic?

A

Because Groener knew the situation was highly unstable and if the revolution was allowed to continue then there was a risk of a Bolshevik revolution like that in Russia in 1917.

24
Q

What were the terms of the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

Groener and the army would support the government in return for Ebert resisting demands to democratise the army and defend Germany against a communist revolution.

25
Q

When was the Ebert-Groener Pact?

A

10 November 1918

26
Q

Why did Ebert need help from the aristocratic army that had supported the rule of the Kaiser and opposed the creation of a republic?

A

The Spartacists and the USPD, that had a strong base in the workers’ and soldiers’ councils, wanted to carry on the revolution which was a threat to Ebert and the republic; the Pact was necessary for an orderly transition to a New Republic.

27
Q

What happened on 6 December 1918?

A

A Spartacist demonstration in Berlin was fired upon, killing sixteen.

28
Q

When was the Spartacist Uprising?

A

5 - 13 January

29
Q

When were the elections to the Constituent Assembly?

A

19 January 1919

30
Q

When did the Kaiser resign?

A

9 November 1918

31
Q

Who did the Constituent Assembly elect as its first president?

A

Friedrich Ebert

32
Q

Who was the first Chancellor of the Weimar Republic?

A

Philipp Scheidemann

33
Q

Who was allowed to vote under the terms of the Weimar Constitution?

A

All men and women over the age of 20.

34
Q

What electoral system did the Weimar Constitution decide on?

A

Proportional representation.

35
Q

What was Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution?

A

Allowed the president to rule by decree in an emergency without consulting the Reichstag.

36
Q

How often was the president elected?

A

Every 7 years

37
Q

Give civil liberties that were protected by the Weimar Constitution.

A
  • All Germans are equal before the law.

- Censorship is forbidden.

38
Q

What type of government did Germany use?

A

Federal government; there were 17 states, the largest being Bavaria.

39
Q

How many times did Ebert use Article 48?

A

136

40
Q

Why could the Reichstag not protect against Article 48?

A

As president Ebert could threaten to dissolve the Reichstag if they did not accept a presidential decree.

41
Q

Why did the framers of the new constitution not reform the army, civil service, or the judiciary?

A

They put stability over a fully democratic system.

42
Q

What was the result of the failure to reform the army, civil service, and judiciary?

A

All three were opposed to the new republic for whom they were supposed to work.

Nazism (19 decks)

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