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Chem 101 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adsorption

A

Adhesion of species onto surfaces of particles

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2
Q

Associated ions

A

Short-lived species formed by the collision of dissolved ions of opposite charge

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3
Q

Biodegradability

A

The ability of a substance to be broken down into simpler substances by bacteria

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4
Q

Boiling point elevation

A

The incrase in the boiling point of a solvent caused by dissolution of a nonvolatile solute

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5
Q

Boiling point elevation constant, Kb

A

A constant that corresponds to the change (increase) in boiling point produced by a one-molal ideal solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte

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6
Q

Colligative properties

A

Physical properties of solutions that depend on the number but not the kind of solute particles present

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7
Q

Colloid

A

A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles do not settle out; also called colloidal dispersion

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8
Q

Crystal lattice energy

A

The energy change when one mole of formula units of a crystalline solid is formed from its ions, atoms, or molecules in the gas phase; aways negative

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9
Q

Detergent

A

A soap-like emulsifier that contains a sulfonate, -SO3-, or sulfate, -OSO3-, group instead of a carboxylate, -COO-, group

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10
Q

Dispersed phase

A

The solute-like species in a colloid

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11
Q

Dispersing medium

A

The solvent-like phase in a colloid

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12
Q

Dispesrsion

A

A heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like particles do not settle out

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13
Q

Distillation

A

The process in which components of a mixture are separated by boiling away the more volatile liquid

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14
Q

Effective molality

A

The sum of the molalities of all solute particles in solution

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15
Q

Emulsifier

A

A substance that coats the particles of a dispersed phase and prevents coagulation of colloidal particles

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16
Q

Emulsifying agent

A

A substance that coats the particles of a dispersed phase and prevents coagulation of colloidal particles; an emulsifier

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17
Q

Emulsion

A

A collodial dispersion of a liquid in a liquid

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18
Q

Eutrophication

A

The undesirable overgrowth of vegetation caused by high concentrations of plant nutriens in bodies of water

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19
Q

Foam

A

A collodial dispersion of a gas in a liquid

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20
Q

Fractional distallation

A

The process in which a fractionating column is used in a distallation apparatus to separate components of a liquid mixture that have different boiling points

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21
Q

Freezing point depression

A

The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent caused by the presence of a solute

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22
Q

Freezing point depression constant, Kf

A

A constant that corresponds to the change in freezing point produced by a one-molal ideal solution of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte

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23
Q

Gel

A

A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid; a semirigid sol

24
Q

Hard water

A

Water containing Fe3+, Ca2+, or Mg2+ ions, which form precipitates with soaps

25
Q

Heat of solution (molar)

A

The amount of heat absorbed in the formationof a solution that contains one mole of solute; the value is positive if heat is absorbed (endothermic) and negative if heat is released (exothermic)

26
Q

Henry’s Law

A

The pressure of the gas above a solution is proportional to the concentration of the gas in the solution

27
Q

Hydration

A

The interaction (surrounding) of solute particles with water molecules

28
Q

Hydration energy (molar) of an ion

A

The energy change accompanying the hydration of a mole of gaseous ions

29
Q

Hydrophilic colloids

A

Colloidal particles that attract water molecules

30
Q

Hydrophobic colloids

A

Colloidal particles that repel water molecules

31
Q

Ideal solution

A

A solution that obeys Raoult’s Law exactly

32
Q

Liquid aerosol

A

A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a gas

33
Q

Micelle

A

A cluster of a large number of soap or dtergent molecules or ions, assembled with their hydrophobic tails directed toward the center and their hydrophilic heads directed outward

34
Q

Miscibility

A

The ability of one liquid to mix with (dissolve in) another liquid

35
Q

Molality (m)

A

Concentration expressed as number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

36
Q

Mole fraction of a component in solution

A

The number of moles of the component divided by the total number of moles of all components

37
Q

Osmosis

A

The process by which solvent molecules pass through a semipermeable membrane froma dilute solution into a more concentrated solution

38
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The hydrostatic pressure produced on the surface of a semipermeable membrane by osmosis

39
Q

Percent ioniation of weak electrolytes

A

The percent of the weak electrolyte that ionies in a solution of a given concentration

40
Q

Raoult’s Law

A

The vapor pressure of a solvent in an ideal solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution

41
Q

Reverse osmosis

A

The forced flow of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a concentrated solution into a dilute solution. This is accomplished by application of hydrostatic pressure on the concentrated side greater than the osmotic pressure that is opposing it

42
Q

Saturated solution

A

A solution in which no more solute with dissolve a ta given temperature

43
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

A thin partition between two solutions through which certain molecules can pass but others cannot

44
Q

Soap

A

An emulsifier that can disperse nonpolar substances in water; the soldium salt of a long-chain organic acid; consists of a long hydrocarbon chain attatched to a carboxylate group, –CO2-NA+

45
Q

Sol

A

A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a liquid

46
Q

Solid aerosol

A

A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a gas

47
Q

Solid emulsion

A

A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid

48
Q

Solid foam

A

A colloidal dispersion of a gas in a solid

49
Q

Solid sol

A

A colloidal dispersion of a solid in a solid

50
Q

Solvation

A

The process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute ions or molecules

51
Q

Supersaturated solution

A

A (metastable) solution that contains a higher-than-saturation concentration of solute; slight disturbance or seeding causes crystallization of excess solute

52
Q

Surfactant

A

A “surface-active agent”; a substance that has the ability to emulsify and wash away oil and grease in an aqueous suspension

53
Q

Thermal pollution

A

Introduction of heated waste water into natural waters

54
Q

Tyndall effect

A

The scattering of light by colloidal particles

55
Q

van’t Hoff factor, i

A

A number that indicates the extent of dissociation or ionization of a solute; equal to the actual colligative property divided by the colligative property calculated assuming no ionization or dissociation

Chem 101 (13 decks)

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