Chapter 14

Question 1

Psychopathology

Answer 1

Sickness or disorder of the mind. Characterized by maladaptiveness

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

Question 3

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders DSM

Answer 3

Standard in psychology and psychiatry for classifying and diagnosing psychopathology

Question 4

Comorbidity

Answer 4

The idea that psychological disorders commonly overlap. For instance anxiety and depression.

Question 5

Dimensional approach

Answer 5

Idea that psychological disorders exist along a continuum on which people vary.

Question 6

Research Domain Criteria

Answer 6

A method that defines basic aspects of functioning and considers them across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to brain systems to behavior.

Question 7

Assessment

Answer 7

Examination of a persons cognitive, behavioral, or emotional functioning to diagnose possible disorders

Question 8

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 8

Idea that onset psychological disorders are a result of the interaction between diathesis (vulnerability to a mental disorder either genetic or due to early adversity) and stress.

Question 9

Family systems model

Answer 9

Diagnostic model that considers problems within an individual as indicating problems within the family

Question 10

Sociocultural model

Answer 10

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

Question 11

Cognitive behavioral approach

Answer 11

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs.

Question 12

Internalized disorders

Answer 12

Disorders characterized by negative emotions. Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, panic disorder etc… Divided into those related to fear and those related to distress.

Question 13

Externalizing Disorders

Answer 13

Disorders characterized by impulsive or out-of-control behavior. Alcoholism, antisocial behavior disorder

Question 14

Anxiety disorders

Answer 14

Psychological disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger

Question 15

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 15

A diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with anything specific

Question 16

Agoraphobia

Answer 16

Fear of being in situations in which you can’t escape

Question 17

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 17

Fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting

Question 18

Cognitive triad

Answer 18

People suffering from depression perceive themselves, their situations, and the future negatively

Question 19

Major depressive disorder

Answer 19

Characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities. Requires a major depressive episode

Question 20

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 20

Form of depression not severe as major depressive but lasts longer 2-20 years

Question 21

Learned helplessness

Answer 21

Cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives.

Question 22

Bipolar 1 disorder

Answer 22

Characterized by more manic episodes than by depression. Cause significant impairment in daily living and can result in hospitalization

Question 23

Bipolar 2 disorder

Answer 23

Experience less extreme hypomanic episodes. Requires at least one major depressive episode. Impairment from depression not mania

Question 24

What causes suicide

Answer 24

Lack of a sense of belonging + competence mixed with self-preparation and capability.

Question 25

Schizophrenia

Answer 25

Characterized by alterations in thoughts, perceptions and consciousness resulting in psychosis

Question 26

Delusions

Answer 26

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality

Question 27

Hallucinations

Answer 27

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without external source

Question 28

Negative symptoms

Answer 28

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning such as lack of emotion

Question 29

Positive symptoms

Answer 29

Features that are present in schizophrenia but not typical behavior

Question 30

OCD Cycle

Answer 30

Idea that through classical conditioning anxiety is paired with an event (forced to shake hands), the person then engages in behavior that reduces the anxiety (washing hands) which reduces the anxiety and binds this to relief through operant conditioning, the person then becomes obsessed with the relief.

Question 31

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 31

Eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat even at significantly low body weight

Question 32

Bulimia nervosa

Answer 32

Characterized by alternation of dieting, stress binge eating, and purging.

Question 33

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 33

Binge eating which causes significant distress

Question 34

Addiction

Answer 34

Drug use that persists despite negative consequences

Question 35

Brain region resulting in craving

Answer 35

Insula

Question 36

Trauma

Answer 36

Prolong Ed psychological and physiological response to a distressing event. One that profoundly violated the persons beliefs about the world

Question 37

PTSD

Answer 37

Characterized by frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to a trauma

Question 38

Dissociative disorders

Answer 38

Characterized by disruptions of identity, memory, or conscious awareness

Question 39

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 39

Person forgets an event happened or loses awareness of a block of time

Question 40

Dissociative fugue

Answer 40

Form of dissociative amnesia where identity is forgotten

Question 41

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 41

Personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and impulse control. Linked to childhood trauma. Instability of relationships and chronic emptiness

Question 42

Personality disorders

Answer 42

Characterized by extreme levels of certain typical personality traits

Question 43

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 43

Disorder in which people engage in socially undesirable behavior, are hedonistic and impulsive, and lack empathy. People with this disorder and high psychopathy are considered psychopaths.

Question 44

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD

Answer 44

Characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity