Chapter 12 Flashcards
What is Social Brain Hypothesis?
Size of primate social group is related to volume of neocortex.
Two conditions for group organization?
Reciprocity (Treat others as they treat you) and Transitivity (people share opinions of others)
What is outgroup homogeneity effect?
People view out-group members as less varied than ingroup.
Social identity theory?
In groups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership.
Minimal group paradigm?
People demonstrated ingroup favoritism when the groups were decided by coin toss.
Risky-shift effect
Groups make riskier decisions than individuals
Group polarization
Initial attitudes of groups tend to become more extreme over time
Social facilitation
Presence of others enhances performance if the task is well learned.
Social loafing
The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than alone
Groupthink
The tendency of a group to make a bad decision as a result of preserving the group and its cohesiveness. Especially when the group is under stress and biased.
Deindividuation
State of reduced individuality and self awareness when part of a group.
Conformity
Altering one’s behaviors and opinions to match those of others or to match others expectations
Normative influence
Tendency for people to conform in order to fit in with the group
Informational influence
Tendency for people to conform when they assume that the behavior of others represents the correct way to respond.
What experiment did Stanley Milgram conduct?
Fatal shock obedience experiment
Altruism
Providing help when it is needed with no apparent rewards
Inclusive fitness
Explanation for altruism that focuses on the adaptive benefit of transmitting genes such as through kin selection
Bystander intervention effect
The failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present
Mere exposure effect
The idea that greater exposure to a stimulus leads to greater liking for it
Explicit attitudes
Attitudes a person can report
Implicit attitudes
Attitudes that influence a persons feelings and behaviors at an unconscious level
Compliance
Tendency to agree to do things requested by others
Elaboration likelihood model
The idea that persuasive messages lead to attitude changes in either of two ways: Via the central route or via the peripheral route. The peripheral route happens when there isn’t motivation to process information. Is influenced by shallow peripheral cues.
Attributions
Peoples explanations for why things occur
Personal attributions
Explanations of peoples behavior that refers to their internal characteristics such as ability or personality.
Situational attributions
Explanations of peoples behavior that refers to external events such as the weather, luck, traffic…
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational factors.
Actor/Observer discrepancy
Tendency to focus on situations to explain one’s own behavior but dispositions to explain the behavior of others
Prejudice
Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype
Discrimination
Differential treatment of people based on prejudice against their group
Stereotype threat
Fear or concern about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group. In turn impairs performance.
Passionate love
State of intense longing and desire. Sex and physical desire
Companionate love
Strong commitment based on friendship, trust, respect, and intimacy
Attitude accessibility
The ease an individual has in retrieving an attitude from memory. Personally relevant attitudes are more likely to predict behavior.
Justifying efforts
justifying and rationalizing as a way of coping with cognitive dissonance
