Chapter 10

Question 1

Emotion

Answer 1

Immediate specific response to environmental events or internal thoughts.

Question 2

Mood

Answer 2

Diffused, long-lasting emotional states that don’t have an identifiable trigger and lack a specific behavioral response

Question 3

Primary emotions

Answer 3

Innate, evolutionary adaptive and universal across cultures. (Anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt…)

Question 4

Secondary emotions

Answer 4

Blends of primary emotions that relate to culturally specific concepts. (Remorse, guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, love, contentment)

Question 5

Circumplex Model of Emotions

Answer 5

Emotions are classified based on valence, and arousal. Excited would be positive valence with high arousal.

Question 6

Part of brain important to memory.

Answer 6

Hippocampus

Question 7

Part of brain associated with motivation?

Answer 7

Hypothalamus

Question 8

Limbic System and Emotion

Answer 8

The amygdala processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates behavioral and emotional reactions. Before signals reach the amygdala, they pass through the thalamus. From the thalamus, signals travel directly to the amygdala through the fast path, or through the auditory + visual cortex and then to the amygdala through the slow path.

Question 9

Amygdala

Answer 9

One of the most important brain structures for processing emotion. Modifies the hippocampus to better remember fearful events. Also involved in the perception of social stimuli like facial expressions and trustworthiness.

Question 10

Why don’t polygraphs work?

Answer 10

The test cannot differentiate lying from other types of arousal, they’re easy to cheat, and the interviewer makes subjective judgments of the results and questions asked.

Question 11

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Answer 11

physiological response causes us to feel emotion.

Question 12

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Answer 12

Idea that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotion, even when the expression is forced.

Question 13

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Answer 13

Emotion and physical reactions happen independently but at the same time.

Question 14

Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory

Answer 14

Generalized physiological arousal is given a cognitive label which results in the experience of specific emotion.

Question 15

Misattribution of Arousal

Answer 15

When physical states caused by a situation are attributed to the wrong emotion.

Question 16

Negative ways of emotionally regulating

Answer 16

Suppression and Rumination.

Question 17

Positive ways of regulating emotion

Answer 17

Positively reappraising the event that triggered the emotion, create mental distance through a fly on the wall perspective, and finding humor.

Question 18

Paul Ekman study of facial expression

Answer 18

Individuals from New Guinea were able to identify emotion based on facial expression.

Question 19

Display rules

Answer 19

Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations. Results in different norms for each culture. (Loud Americans)

Question 20

Ideal affect

Answer 20

Emotions that cultures value and encourage people to display

Question 21

4 essential qualities of motivational states.

Answer 21

1. They are energizing/stimulating and serve to activate behaviors.
2. They are directive as they guide behaviors towards specific goals or needs.
3. They help animals persist in their behavior.
4. Motives differ in strength, which depends on psychological factors and external forces.

Question 22

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy

Answer 22

Survival needs < Safety < Belonging and love < Esteem < Self-Actualization

People need to satisfy the basic needs before personal growth is possible.

Question 23

Need

Answer 23

State of biological, social, or psychosocial deficiency which produces a drive.

Question 24

Drive

Answer 24

Psychological state that by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need. Encourages specific behavior to satisfy the need and reduce the drive. Drives lead to habits if behavior consistently reduces the drive.

Question 25

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 25

Performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level, after which additional arousal interferes with performance.

Question 26

Self-actualization

Answer 26

A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained.

Question 27

Incentives

Answer 27

External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives.

Question 28

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 28

Motivation directed towards an external goal, typically a reward.

Question 29

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 29

Motivation to perform an activity because of the inherent value or pleasure associated with that actvity.

Question 30

Pleasure principle

Answer 30

Sigmund Freud’s proposal that people are encouraged to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Question 31

SMART goals

Answer 31

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound

Question 32

Self-efficacy

Answer 32

Expectation that your efforts will lead to success.

Question 33

Achievement motivation

Answer 33

Desire to do well relative to standards of excellence. Those high in this set challenging but attainable goals.

Question 34

Self-regulation

Answer 34

Process by which people guide their behavior to attain personal goals. Defined by postponing immediate gratification in the pursuit of long term goals.

Question 35

Hot and cold cognitions

Answer 35

Strategy of self-distracting. Hot cognitions focus on the rewarding pleasurable aspects of objects. Cold cognitions focus on conceptual or symbolic meanings.

Question 36

Balance theory

Answer 36

People have a preference for triads where the relationships are in harmony.

Question 37

Self-affirmation

Answer 37

People have an intrinsic need to view and present themselves as coherent and stable

Question 38

Self-determination theory

Answer 38

People are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy

Question 39

Shalom Schwartz 10 Core Value Categories

Answer 39

Power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security.

Question 40

Core Values

Answer 40

Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when threatened or aroused.

Question 41

Need to Belong

Answer 41

Need for interpersonal attachments, a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.