Chapter 10 Flashcards
Emotion
Immediate specific response to environmental events or internal thoughts.
Mood
Diffused, long-lasting emotional states that don’t have an identifiable trigger and lack a specific behavioral response
Primary emotions
Innate, evolutionary adaptive and universal across cultures. (Anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt…)
Secondary emotions
Blends of primary emotions that relate to culturally specific concepts. (Remorse, guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, love, contentment)
Circumplex Model of Emotions
Emotions are classified based on valence, and arousal. Excited would be positive valence with high arousal.
Part of brain important to memory.
Hippocampus
Part of brain associated with motivation?
Hypothalamus
Limbic System and Emotion
The amygdala processes the emotional significance of stimuli and generates behavioral and emotional reactions. Before signals reach the amygdala, they pass through the thalamus. From the thalamus, signals travel directly to the amygdala through the fast path, or through the auditory + visual cortex and then to the amygdala through the slow path.
Amygdala
One of the most important brain structures for processing emotion. Modifies the hippocampus to better remember fearful events. Also involved in the perception of social stimuli like facial expressions and trustworthiness.
Why don’t polygraphs work?
The test cannot differentiate lying from other types of arousal, they’re easy to cheat, and the interviewer makes subjective judgments of the results and questions asked.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
physiological response causes us to feel emotion.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Idea that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotion, even when the expression is forced.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
Emotion and physical reactions happen independently but at the same time.
Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory
Generalized physiological arousal is given a cognitive label which results in the experience of specific emotion.
Misattribution of Arousal
When physical states caused by a situation are attributed to the wrong emotion.
Negative ways of emotionally regulating
Suppression and Rumination.
Positive ways of regulating emotion
Positively reappraising the event that triggered the emotion, create mental distance through a fly on the wall perspective, and finding humor.
Paul Ekman study of facial expression
Individuals from New Guinea were able to identify emotion based on facial expression.
Display rules
Rules learned through socialization that dictate which emotions are suitable in given situations. Results in different norms for each culture. (Loud Americans)
Ideal affect
Emotions that cultures value and encourage people to display
4 essential qualities of motivational states.
- They are energizing/stimulating and serve to activate behaviors.
- They are directive as they guide behaviors towards specific goals or needs.
- They help animals persist in their behavior.
- Motives differ in strength, which depends on psychological factors and external forces.
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
Survival needs < Safety < Belonging and love < Esteem < Self-Actualization
People need to satisfy the basic needs before personal growth is possible.
Need
State of biological, social, or psychosocial deficiency which produces a drive.
Drive
Psychological state that by creating arousal, motivates an organism to satisfy a need. Encourages specific behavior to satisfy the need and reduce the drive. Drives lead to habits if behavior consistently reduces the drive.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Performance on challenging tasks increases with arousal up to a moderate level, after which additional arousal interferes with performance.
Self-actualization
A state that is achieved when one’s personal dreams and aspirations have been attained.
Incentives
External objects or external goals, rather than internal drives.
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation directed towards an external goal, typically a reward.
Intrinsic motivation
Motivation to perform an activity because of the inherent value or pleasure associated with that actvity.
Pleasure principle
Sigmund Freud’s proposal that people are encouraged to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
SMART goals
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound
Self-efficacy
Expectation that your efforts will lead to success.
Achievement motivation
Desire to do well relative to standards of excellence. Those high in this set challenging but attainable goals.
Self-regulation
Process by which people guide their behavior to attain personal goals. Defined by postponing immediate gratification in the pursuit of long term goals.
Hot and cold cognitions
Strategy of self-distracting. Hot cognitions focus on the rewarding pleasurable aspects of objects. Cold cognitions focus on conceptual or symbolic meanings.
Balance theory
People have a preference for triads where the relationships are in harmony.
Self-affirmation
People have an intrinsic need to view and present themselves as coherent and stable
Self-determination theory
People are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others, and autonomy
Shalom Schwartz 10 Core Value Categories
Power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security.
Core Values
Strongly held beliefs about the enduring principles that are most important and meaningful. Values promote emotions and actions when threatened or aroused.
Need to Belong
Need for interpersonal attachments, a fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purposes.
