Chapter 13 - Programs 13 Flashcards
Program 13- Sex differences
The distribution of almost every trait are NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVES, and have ??
considerable overlap between curves
These curves are greatly altered by?
the environment
The differences in environments between males and females are?
how much exercise and physical exertion is done by both sexes
Some sex differences;
Some behavioral differences between males and females: (6)
- toys that boys/girls play with
- type of play
- aggressiveness
- social networks
- friendship patterns
- school performance
The use of Language: Girls and boys are comparably skilled in language ability. Girls are?
ahead in mastering sound system, pronunciation is better at a younger age
The use of Language: by age 3 boys and girls do what?
boys: lower their voices
Girls: raise the pitch of theirs
How often does a male interrupt a female when talking?
96%
By age three in NL children understand what about interruptions ?
boys can freely interrupt girls, but girls should not interrupt boys
Dr. Esther Grief recorded parents and preschoolers interacting in the lab, what does her data show?
Fathers and mothers interrupt their daughters speech a lot more then their sons speech, fathers were higher than the mother. little girls are being given the message that what they have to say is less important than what boys have to say.
Dr. Fishman found what about initiation of conversation?
when male initiate female respond 97% for time, when female initiate male only respond 36% of time
who uses back-channel more?
female use it more (uh-huh)
Dr. Bem revealed masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions. What are the four different types?
masculine, feminine, androgynous (stereotyped masculine or stereotyped feminine, depending on situation), undifferentiated (not stereotyped in either way)
Cognitive Developmental Theroy
Dr. Lawrence Kohlberg: a major role is played by the child’s changing cognitions eg notions of classification (conservation, identities)
Stages of sex-identity learning ?
stage 0- no concept
stage 1- gender identity (Boy or Girl?)
stage 2- gender stability (stays the same)
stage 3- motivation (child says no to becoming opposite sex)
stage 4- gender consistency (external facts have no fundamental development-identity)
