Chapter 13

Question 1

Widely held beliefs about characteristics deemed appropriate for males and females ?

Answer 1

gender stereotypes

Question 2

reflection of these stereotypes in everyday behavior?

Answer 2

gender roles

Question 3

private face of gender-perception of the self as relatively masculine or feminine in characteristics?

Answer 3

gender identity

Question 4

any association of objects, activities, roles or traits with biological sex in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes of gender?

Answer 4

gender typing

Question 5

reflecting competence, rationally and assertiveness were regarded as masculine?

Answer 5

instrumental traits

Question 6

emphasizing warmth, caring and sensitivity, were viewed as feminine?

Answer 6

expressive traits

Question 7

besides personality traits, other gender stereotypes exist:

Answer 7

physical characteristics, occupations, activities or behavour

Question 8

By what age is gender stereotyping of activities and occupations well established?

Answer 8

5

Question 9

overlap in characteristics of males and females?

Answer 9

gender-stereotyping flexibility

Question 10

scoring high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics?

Answer 10

androgyny

Question 11

a full understanding of the biologically based permanence of their gender, which combines three understandings.

Answer 11

gender constancy

Question 12

by the early preschool years, children can label their own sex and that of other correctly?

Answer 12

gender labelling

Question 13

slightly older preschoolers have a partial understanding of the premanence of sex, in that they grasp its stability over time?

Answer 13

gender stability

Question 14

during the late preschool and early school years, children understand that sex is biologically based and remains the same even if a person dresses in “cross-gender” clothes or engages in nontraditional activities?

Answer 14

gender consistency

Question 15

increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behaviors and movement forward a more traditional gender identity

Answer 15

gender intensification

Question 16

an information-processing approach that explains how environmental pressures and childrens cognition work together to shape gender typing. it also integrates the various elements of gender typing-gender stereotyping, gender identity and gender-role adoption - into a unified picture of how masculine and feminine orientations emerge and are often strongly maintained

Answer 16

gender schema theory