Chapter 13: Communities

Question 1

Sense of community

Answer 1

The perception of similarity with others.

Question 2

Community (sociological literature)

Answer 2

Linked by geographic or webs of communication. Common ties. Interaction.

Question 3

Community (psychology literature)

Answer 3

Similarity with others. Interdependence. Mutual exchange to fulfill needs. Sense of belonging.

Question 4

Relational community

Answer 4

Voluntary interaction

Question 5

Territorial community

Answer 5

Based on geography.

Question 6

Transnational community

Answer 6

Feeling of global community. Made by transnational families. Draw support from common ties but does not include much interaction.

Question 7

Mass society

Answer 7

Standardized and homogenized—a society that has no ethics, class, local variations in human behavior.

Question 8

Gemeinschaft

Answer 8

Strong identification with community.

Authority based on tradition.

Relationships based on emotionalism.

Others seen as whole person.

Question 9

Gesellschaft

Answer 9

Impersonal and contractual.

Little identification with community.

Authority based on laws and rationality.

Relationships based on goal attainment and emotional neutrality.

Others seem as role enactors.

Question 10

Contrasting community types:

Community lost

Answer 10

Communities have no sense of connectedness, social support, and traditional customs for behaviors.

Question 11

Contrasting community types:

Community saved

Answer 11

Communities that have retained a strong sense of connectedness, social support, and customs for behavior.

Question 12

Contrasting community types:

Community liberated

Answer 12

Communities that are loosely knit, with unclear boundaries and great deal of heterogeneity.

Question 13

Geographic information system (GIS)

Answer 13

Computer technology which can map spatial distribution of a variety of social data.

Question 14

Community interactions:

Horizontal linkage

Answer 14

Interactions with other members of the community.

Question 15

Community interactions:

Vertical linkage

Answer 15

Interactions with individuals and systems outside of the community.

Question 16

Bonding social capital

Answer 16

Inward looking and tends to mobilize solidarity and in-group loyalty, and it leads to exclusive identities and homogenous communities. May lead to strong out-group hostilities.

Question 17

Bridging social capital

Answer 17

Outward looking and diverse, and it links community members to assets and informations across community boundaries.

Question 18

Personal community

Answer 18

Composed of ties with friends, relatives, neighbors, workmates etc.

Question 19

Network

Answer 19

Set of social relations or social ties among a set of actors.

Question 20

Solidarity community

Answer 20

Seeks participation of all members in an integrated fashion.

Question 21

Networked individualism (community)

Answer 21

Individuals operate in large, personalized, complex networks.

Question 22

Social capital

Answer 22

Community cohesion based on dense social networks, high levels of civil engagement, and a sense of solidarity and equality among members.

Question 23

Collective efficacy

Answer 23

The capacity of community residents to achieve social control over the environment and to engage in collective action for the shared common good.

Question 24

Social action model (community)

Answer 24

Community organization model that is political in nature, emphasizing social reform and challenge of structured inequalities.

Question 25

Agency-based model (community)

Answer 25

Community organization that promotes social agencies and the services they provided. Based on assumption that best way to strengthen communities is to provide social services.

Question 26

Locality development/social development

Answer 26

Bringing community members together for the purpose of building or strengthening the sense of community and identifying programs and resources.

Question 27

Social planning model (community)

Answer 27

Community of social work is based on premise that complexities of modern social problems require expert planners schooled in a rational planning model.

Based on Participatory Rural Appraisal which has three assumptions:

1) local knowledge
2) local resources
3) outside help