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human bio 11 > chapter 12 - the musculoskeletal system (skeleton) > Flashcards

chapter 12 - the musculoskeletal system (skeleton) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the axial skeleton

A
  • bones making up central axis of body (cranium, mandible, sternum, ribs, cervical vertebrae 7, thoracic vertebrae 12, lumbar vertebrae 5, sacrum, coccyx)
  • provides support for erect posture, protects CNS and organs
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2
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton

A
  • upper / lower limbs, pectoral / pelvic girdles (clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvic girdle, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
  • girdles allow for articulation of limbs
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3
Q

describe the macroscopic structure of the bone

A

diaphysis: main hollow shaft, cylindrical, thick.
- compact bone (provides protection and strength)
- medullary cavity: hollow, contains yellow bone marrow (produces WBC, fat storage site)
- periosteum: dense, white, fibrous covering, protective layer / attachment surface
epiphyses: ‘head’, helps with transmission of weight
- compact bone on outside (covered by articular cartilage)
- cancellous bone on inside (porous, contains red marrow)

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4
Q

describe the microscopic structure of compact bone

A
  • connective tissue: cells separated by matrix (lamella)
  • matrix: contains inorganic salts (increases rigidity and strength)
  • osteon / Haversian system: make up bone, run parallel (increase strength)
  • Haversian canal: centre of osteon, contain blood / lymph capillaries and nerves
  • lamellae: concentric / circumferential layers of bony matrix (make up osteon)
  • lacunae: spaces in lamellae containing osteocytes (bone cells)
  • canaliculi: canals, allow for projections from osteocytes to make contact with adjacent cells (provides materials)
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5
Q

describe the microscopic structure of a spongy bone

A
  • trabeculae: thin, bony plates, not organised in osteons (irregular arrangements), osteons are found in these spaces
  • lamellae: not arranged in concentric layers
  • nerve / blood vessels: pass through irregular spaces
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6
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A
  • supports: body parts, framework, shape
  • movement: muscles attach to bones, enabling movement, standing erect, muscles contract -> bones allow movement
  • protection: of vital organs
  • storage organs: store mineral salts and fats (Ca, P, Na, K)
  • blood cell production: red bone marrow produces RBC
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7
Q

what is a short bone

A
  • structure: small, cube shaped
  • function: gives strength with reduced movement
  • eg: carpals and tarsals
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8
Q

what is a flat bone

A
  • structure: broad flat plates
  • function: provide protection, surface area for attachments of muscles
  • eg: pelvic blade
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9
Q

what are long bones

A
  • structure: consist of a shaft and enlarged ends

- example: femur, humerus, tibia, metacarpals

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10
Q

what are irregular bones

A
  • structure: those that aren’t long, short or flat

- example: vertebrae, facial bones, mandible

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11
Q

explain growth and repair

A
  • through infancy and adolescence to adulthood bones grow
  • in adults: bones are capable of repair
  • throughout growth: bones are involved in blood cell formation and storage
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12
Q

what is a joint

A
  • site at which bones come together
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13
Q

what is a fixed / fibrous joint

A
  • function: fixed / immovable, no movement
  • structure: held in place by fibrous connective tissue
  • example: sutures of the skull, teeth in their sockets
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14
Q

what is a slightly moveable / cartilaginous joint

A
  • function: allows slight movement
  • structure: held in place by fibrocartilage
  • example: symphysis pubis, vertebrae, ribs + sternum
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15
Q

what is a freely moveable / synovial joint

A
  • function: movement is only limited due to ligaments, tendons and adjoining bones
  • structure: held together by articular cartilage
  • example: shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle, toes
  • types: ball and socket, gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle and condyloid
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16
Q

what are the factors that keep articular cartilage / surfaces in contact with each other

A
  • way bones come together at joint (ball and socket)
  • strength of joint ligaments (hip joint)
  • tension provided by muscles around the joint
17
Q

describe the different movements possible at a joint

A
  • flexion: bending, decreases angle between the articulating bones
  • extension: straightening, increases angle between articulating bones
  • abduction: movement away from body
  • adduction: movement towards body
  • rotation: movement of bone along its axis
18
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A
  • spherical head of one bone fits into the cup like cavity of another
  • movement: most mobile joint
  • example: shoulder, hip
19
Q

what is a hinge joint

A
  • convex fits into the concave
  • movement: one plane only
  • example: elbow (humerus, ulna), knee (femur, tibia), ankle, between fingers and toes
20
Q

what is a pivot joint

A
  • rounded, pointed or conical end of a bone articulates with a ring
  • movement: rotation
  • example: vertebrae (C1 atlas and C2 axis), radius and ulna
21
Q

what is a saddle joint

A
  • two bones that are both saddle shaped, allows opposability
  • movement: side to side, back and forth
  • example: thumb (carpal and metacarpal)
22
Q

what is a gliding joint

A
  • two flat bones, held together by ligaments, gives flexibility but reduced strength, easily sprained
  • movement: side to side
  • example: between scapula and clavicle, sternum and clavicle, tarsal / carpal bones
23
Q

what is a condyloid / ellipsoid joint

A
  • slightly convex fits into a slightly concave depression
  • movement: up and down, side to side
  • example: between radius and carpal, metacarpal and phalange, metatarsal and phalange
24
Q

what is the synovial cavity / synovial membrane / articular membrane / fibrous capsule

A
  • SC: space between two bones
  • SM: surrounds synovial cavity (inner layer of capsule)
  • AM: covers epiphyses of bones
  • FC: dense fibrous connective tissue holds bones together, attached to periosteum, flexibility and strength, permits movements / resists dislocation (outer layer)
25
Q

what is synovial fluid

A
  • secreted by SM
  • lubricates joint, provides nourishment for cells of articular cartilage, remove microorganisms and debris, prevents bones making contact
26
Q

what is articular cartilage

A
  • covers articulating surface, shiny, white

- provides smooth surface for movement, reduces friction

27
Q

what is the meniscus

A
  • cartilaginous disc
  • fibrocartilage
  • separates cavity into two, allows flow of fluid to areas of friction
28
Q

what is a bursa

A
  • sac of synovial fluid

- prevents friction between bone and ligaments / tendons, or between bone and skin

29
Q

what are accessory ligaments

A
  • hold bones together, different to cruciate ligaments
30
Q

what is cartilage

A
  • connective tissue made up of chondrin and collagen

- found in joints, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ear, vertebral column and pelvis

31
Q

what is chondrin and collagen

A
  • chondrin: firm matrix of protein (carbohydrate complex) that produces cartilage with structural support, and that contains collagen (fibres made of protein) which give cartilage flexibility
32
Q

describe the microscopic structure of cartilage

A
  • cartilage -> chondrin -> collagen -> chondroblasts (immature cartilage cells)
  • chondroblasts: produce matrix (chondrin and collagen) and become surrounded by matrix until they are trapped in spaces call lacunae
  • chondrocytes: cells that are trapped are now mature
33
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A
  • structure: closely packed collagenous fibres (not distinguished with light microscope)
  • characteristics: provide strength and flexibility
  • location: trachea, bronchi, between moveable joints
34
Q

what is elastic cartilage

A
  • structure: elastic fibres (collagen fibres similar to those in hyaline cartilage but not as closely packaged)
  • characteristics: flexible elastic support
  • location: in ear (springs back)
35
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A
  • structure: coarse appearance (parallel bundles of collagen fibres), not as closely packed (can be compressed)
  • characteristics: good in places where body weight is being supported
  • location: intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis, articular cartilage of knee
36
Q

how is blood supplied to cartilage

A
  • no blood vessels, diffusion of nutrients and waste is through the matrix
  • very slow, hence why chondrocytes have a slow rate of cell metabolism and division
  • perichondrium: inner layer producing blood supply to cartilage, covers external surface (except where articular cartilage is present)
37
Q

what is osteoporosis

A
  • loss of bone mass / density, results in an increased risk of fractures
  • example: vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, wrist, upper arm (of ageing bones)
  • prevention / treatment: adequate calcium intake, vitamin d (sunlight / dietary intake), plenty of exercise, some medication
38
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A
  • gradual change in the joints (ageing, irritation, wear, abrasion), deterioration of cartilage (bones no longer protected), bony spurs / growths develop (restricted / decreased movement)
  • examples: hands, feet, limbs, swelling of joints
  • treatment: no treatment, pain relief, physiotherapy, surgery (realignment or replacement) mag provide temporary relief

human bio 11 (23 decks)

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