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Research Methods > Chapter 12: Selecting a Sample > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Selecting a Sample Flashcards

1
Q

Sampling

A
  • process of selecting “units” from a population of interest
  • by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen
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2
Q

Target Population

A

total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn

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3
Q

Generalizability

A

extent to which we can apply the findings of our research to the target population we are interested in

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4
Q

Sampling Bias

A
  • one of the problems that can occur when selecting the sample
  • sampling has to reflect the characteristics of the target population
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5
Q

Sampling Design/Strategy

A

the way you select the individuals that will be part of your sample

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6
Q

Sampling Frame

A

a list identifying each individual in the study population

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7
Q

Sample Statistics

A

findings based on the information obtained from your respondents (sample)

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8
Q

In Quantitative Research

A
  • quantify data and generalize results from a sample to the population of interest
  • to measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample
  • sometimes followed by qualitative research which is used to explore some findings further
  • usually large number of cases representing the population
  • random selection
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9
Q

In Qualitative Research

A
  • gain understanding of underlying reasons and motivations
  • provide insights into the setting of a problem, generating ideas and/or hypotheses for later quantitative research
  • uncover prevalent trends in thought and opinion
  • usually a small number of non-representative cases
  • respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota
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10
Q

Quantitative Research: Random Sampling Techniques

A
  • simple random sampling
  • systematic random sampling
  • stratified random sampling (proportional, disproportional)
  • cluster random sampling (one-stage, two-stage)
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11
Q

Quantitative Research: Non-Random Sampling Techniques

A
  • convenience sampling
  • quota sampling
  • purposive sampling
  • snowball sampling
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12
Q

Steps in Random Sampling

A
  1. define population
  2. choose sample size
  3. list population
  4. assign numbers to the units
  5. find random numbers
  6. select your sample
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13
Q

Advantages of Random Sampling

A
  • highly representative sample of the population
  • reduced potential human bias in selection of the sample
  • allows generalizations with external validity
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14
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • can only be carried out if the list of the population is available and complete
  • challenging to access that list
  • some populations are expensive and time consuming to contact
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15
Q

Steps in Systematic Random Sampling

A
  1. defining the population
  2. choosing your sample size
  3. listing the population
  4. assigning numbers to the cases
  5. calculating the sampling fraction
  6. selecting the first unit
  7. selecting your sample
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16
Q

Advantages Systematic Random Assignment

A
  • reduce the potential for human bias in the selection of cases
  • allows statistical conclusions
  • systematic procedure can be viewed as superior because it improves the potential for the units to be more evenly spread over the population
17
Q

Disadvantages

A
  • only if a complete list of the population is available

- list has to have some kind of standardised arrangement

18
Q

Stratifies Random Sampling

A

when interested in particular strata (meaning groups) within the population

19
Q

Stratifies Random Sampling: Steps

A
  1. defining the population
  2. choosing the relevant stratification
  3. listing the population
  4. listing the population according the chosen stratification
  5. choosing your sample size
  6. calculating a proportionate stratification
  7. using a simple random or systematic sample to select your sample
20
Q

Proportionate Stratified Random Sample

A

size of each strata is proportionate to the population size of the strata when looked across the entire population

21
Q

Disproportionate Stratified Random Sample

A

different strata do not have the same sampling fractions as each other

22
Q

Cluster Random Sampling

A
  • researcher selects groups or clusters and then from each cluster the researcher selects the individual subjects by either simple random or systematic random sampling
23
Q

One-step Stage Cluster Sample

A

when the researcher includes all individuals from all the randomly selected clusters as sample

24
Q

Two-step Cluster Sample

A

when the researcher only selects a number of individuals from each cluster by using simple or systematics random sampling

25
Q

Non-Random Sampling: Convenience Sampling

A

subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher

26
Q

Non-Random Sampling: Quota Sampling

A

researcher selects people according to some fixed quota

27
Q

Non-Random Sampling: purposive sampling

A

sample is selected based on knowledge of a population and the purpose of the study

28
Q

Non-Random Sampling: Snowball Sampling

A

used by the researcher to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are hard to locate

29
Q

The Calculation of Sample Size

A
  • what level of confidence do you want to test your result
  • with what degree of accuracy do you wish to estimate the population parameters?
  • what is the estimated level or variation, with respect if the main variable you are studying in the population?
30
Q

Sampling in Qualitative Research

A
  • aim to explore diversity, therefore concepts like sample size and sampling strategy are not essential when selecting a sample
  • non-probability (random) sampling designs can also be used in qualitative research with two main differences
    a. in qualitative research you do not have a predetermined sample
    b. in quantitative research you want to hace a random sample and in qualitative research you want to have the subjects that can provide you with the best information
31
Q

“Saturation Point” in Qualitative Research

A
  • when in the process of collecting data you are or getting any new information ir it is negligible
  • the stage determined the sample size
  • it is a subjective concept. each researcher decides when she/he reached that point
  • more applicable to studies where you collect information a one-to-one basis

Research Methods (17 decks)

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