Chapter 12 Lecture

Question 1

What were airlines seen as in the 1960s?

Answer 1

Business of female spectacle due to their hiring of women who represent ideal femininity to work as stewardesses.

Question 2

What happened in 1964 with regards to stewardesses?

Answer 2

Filed a case against the airline industry under the civil rights act that companies have no right to pay them less, deny them promotions, or discriminate.

Question 3

What types of discriminatory hiring practices did airlines have in the 60s?

Answer 3

Bans on hooked noses, having kids, bad posture, weight gain etc etc.

Question 4

What is the gender pay gap?

Answer 4

The difference between the incomes of average men and women who work full time.

Question 5

What is the current pay gap?

Answer 5

Women earned 82% of mens wages in 2017.

Question 6

When does the pay gap increase?

Answer 6

With education-women of all races male less than men.

Question 7

Why do men earn more?

Answer 7

Due to more training, skilled jobs, paid work, benefits etc.

Question 8

What is gendered job segregation?

Answer 8

Practice of filling occupations with mostly male/female workers. Jobs as gendered and this is not natural. Most low status, low paying, support type positions are female dominated.

Question 9

What is the socialization hypothesis?

Answer 9

Suggests that men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs.

Question 10

What is the employer selection hypothesis?

Answer 10

Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine.

Question 11

What is the selective exit hypothesis?

Answer 11

Highlights workers abandonment of counterstereotypical occupations. Hypermasculine culture (women may leave) and assumptions.

Question 12

What were flight attendants seen as when men were hired for the job?

Answer 12

Professional and dignified.

Question 13

What is the idea of the androcentric pay scale?

Answer 13

Prestige and pay tend to follow the sex of the job-there is a strong correlation between wages and gender composition a job (single largest contributor to gender wage gap). There is also a masculinization of wealth that accumulates over time (sons have a higher allowance than daughters) .

Question 14

What is emotion work?

Answer 14

The act of controlling one’s emotions and managing others emotions-flight attendants are tasked with this.

Question 15

What is care work?

Answer 15

Face-to-face caretaking of physical, emotional, and educational needs of others (children, elderly, and sick). Paid even less than other feminized jobs.

Question 16

How much less do women in female occupations make than women in male occupations?

Answer 16

26%

Question 17

What percentage of men and women report being a victim of gender discrimination at work?

Answer 17

22% men and 42% of women

Question 18

What is sexual harrasment seen as in the workforce?

Answer 18

A reassertion of dominance in repsonse to the entrance of women into jobs to which men feel entitled-women as a symbolic threat.

Question 19

What is the double-bind?

Answer 19

Women face this in masculine occupations to be successful, one must do masculinity. To be accepted by boss and colleagues and clients, must do femininity (likeable is feminine, competent is masculine).

Question 20

What creates the glass ceiling?

Answer 20

The costs of hostile and benevolent sexism and the double bind.

Question 21

What is the glass ceiling?

Answer 21

An invisible barrier between women and the top positions in masculine occupations- most women do not get the training, mentorship, or promotions necessary.

Question 22

What race of women is more likely to encounter the glass ceiling?

Answer 22

Black and Latina moreso than asian

Question 23

What is the concrete ceiling?

Answer 23

The glass ceiling for racialized women who are penalized for a lack of white femininity.

Question 24

What is the glass cliff?

Answer 24

When women do break through the ceiling they encounter a heightened risk of failing compared to similar men. Women are often promoted during times of crisis and given jobs with a high failure risk. The average tenure of a female CEO is half that of a males.

Question 25

What is the glass escalator?

Answer 25

When men enter female occupations and get an invisible ride to the top- men are advantaged here in terms of pay, promotions, and support from coworkers.

Question 26

What is the ideal worker norm?

Answer 26

The idea that an employee should commit their energies to their job without the distraction of family responsibilities. Assumes workers have homemaker partners and paid help

Question 27

What are greedy institutions?

Answer 27

Institutions which demand all your time without other commitments (workplace and family).

Question 28

What is the motherhood penalty?

Answer 28

Loss in wages per hour on the job associated with becoming a mother.

Question 29

What is the fatherhood premium?

Answer 29

Wage increase that accrues to married men when they become fathers.

Question 30

How big is the gap between mothers and childless woman?

Answer 30

Larger than between men and women-mothers seen as less committed and competent and are offered lower salaries.

Question 31

What are the biggest contributors to the penalty and the premium?

Answer 31

Coworkers beliefs and ideas.

Question 32

What percentage of the pay gap is due to differences in job experience?

Answer 32

10%

Question 33

What percentage of the pay gap is due to job segregation and devaluation?

Answer 33

49%

Question 34

What percentage of the pay gap is due to discrimination?

Answer 34

41%