Chapter 12 Lecture Flashcards
What were airlines seen as in the 1960s?
Business of female spectacle due to their hiring of women who represent ideal femininity to work as stewardesses.
What happened in 1964 with regards to stewardesses?
Filed a case against the airline industry under the civil rights act that companies have no right to pay them less, deny them promotions, or discriminate.
What types of discriminatory hiring practices did airlines have in the 60s?
Bans on hooked noses, having kids, bad posture, weight gain etc etc.
What is the gender pay gap?
The difference between the incomes of average men and women who work full time.
What is the current pay gap?
Women earned 82% of mens wages in 2017.
When does the pay gap increase?
With education-women of all races male less than men.
Why do men earn more?
Due to more training, skilled jobs, paid work, benefits etc.
What is gendered job segregation?
Practice of filling occupations with mostly male/female workers. Jobs as gendered and this is not natural. Most low status, low paying, support type positions are female dominated.
What is the socialization hypothesis?
Suggests that men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs.
What is the employer selection hypothesis?
Employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine.
What is the selective exit hypothesis?
Highlights workers abandonment of counterstereotypical occupations. Hypermasculine culture (women may leave) and assumptions.
What were flight attendants seen as when men were hired for the job?
Professional and dignified.
What is the idea of the androcentric pay scale?
Prestige and pay tend to follow the sex of the job-there is a strong correlation between wages and gender composition a job (single largest contributor to gender wage gap). There is also a masculinization of wealth that accumulates over time (sons have a higher allowance than daughters) .
What is emotion work?
The act of controlling one’s emotions and managing others emotions-flight attendants are tasked with this.
What is care work?
Face-to-face caretaking of physical, emotional, and educational needs of others (children, elderly, and sick). Paid even less than other feminized jobs.
How much less do women in female occupations make than women in male occupations?
26%
What percentage of men and women report being a victim of gender discrimination at work?
22% men and 42% of women
What is sexual harrasment seen as in the workforce?
A reassertion of dominance in repsonse to the entrance of women into jobs to which men feel entitled-women as a symbolic threat.
What is the double-bind?
Women face this in masculine occupations to be successful, one must do masculinity. To be accepted by boss and colleagues and clients, must do femininity (likeable is feminine, competent is masculine).
What creates the glass ceiling?
The costs of hostile and benevolent sexism and the double bind.
What is the glass ceiling?
An invisible barrier between women and the top positions in masculine occupations- most women do not get the training, mentorship, or promotions necessary.
What race of women is more likely to encounter the glass ceiling?
Black and Latina moreso than asian
What is the concrete ceiling?
The glass ceiling for racialized women who are penalized for a lack of white femininity.
What is the glass cliff?
When women do break through the ceiling they encounter a heightened risk of failing compared to similar men. Women are often promoted during times of crisis and given jobs with a high failure risk. The average tenure of a female CEO is half that of a males.
