Chapter 12: Adults and Couples Flashcards
who were the first two people to publish meta-analysis and when?
Mary smith and gene glass in 1977
what are effect sizes?
effect sizes are a standard metric, expressed in standard deviation (d) or correlations (rR) that allows the results of the research studies to be controlled and analyzed
what is d statistic presented as a percentage?
d statistic can be presented as a percentage of participants in the untreated group whose scores are lower than that of the average participants in the treated group
what are clinical practice guidelines?
summary of scientific research, dealing with the diagnosis, assessment and or treatment of a disorder which is designed to provide guidance to clinicians providing services to patients with that disorder
formed from an expert review panel and translates knowledge gained from empirically based research into guidelines intended to inform clinical practice
what is empirically supported treatment (EST)?
is a psychotherapy that has been found in a series of randomized controlled trials or single-participant designs that are efficacious in the treatment of a specific condition
They require evidence of symptom reduction, and/or improved functioning either from at least two independently conducted RCT’s or from a large series of single-case studies
whats the difference between evidence based treatments and empirically supported treatment?
Evidence based treatments vary in the extent and nature of their supporting data so a treatment could have a evidence base but because theres no randomized control trial it would not meet the criteria to be an EST
evidence based is more broader and EST is more specific
What are the three types of clinical trial that were identified in descending order of quality by Nathan and Gorman?
Type 1 studies –> high quality RCTs
Type 2 studies –> studies are imperfect RCTs (limited treatment duration, incomplete patient randomization)
Type 3 studies –> OPEN TRIALS (type of initial, exploratory treatment study in which NO CONTROL GROUP IS USED and a few participant exclusion criteria are applied)
What are the 4 steps of CBT?
Step one: early treatment; client is provided with basic information about the nature of depression, and a case formulation is started; homework and self assessment is given
Step 2: therapist and client work together to examine how these thoughts influence decisions around behaviours (client is coached to challenge negative thoughts)
Step 3: therapist and client examine and challenge long standing beliefs (schemas) help by the client that render the client to be vulnerable to depression when hit with negative life events
Step 4: relapse prevention
what are 6 steps that are similar between CBT for depression and CBT for PTSD?
- developing case formulation to guide treatment
- provision of information to the client throughout treatment (explaining what everything means)
- the development of collaborative relationship between psychologist and patient
- use of between-session assignments (homework)
- ongoing monitoring of treatment impact
- attention to relapse prevention issues
what are the three broad components of CBT for PTSD?
- relaxation skills (muscle relaxation, breathing…etc..)
- imaginal exposure (patient is asked to imagine the traumatic experience so they can be walked through to change their emotions towards it)
- In vivo exposure –> slowly exposing patient to the stimuli that evokes the PTSD with the things that they have been taught
What Is emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT)?
process experiential treatment combing an experiential approach to affect a systemic focus on the way in which relationship behaviours can develop into cyclical, self perpetuating interactional factors
what are the 9 steps in EFT?
step 1: formulation of an alliance with each partner and case conceptualization
step 2: identification of the problematic interpersonal cycle that maintains insecure attachment and distress
step 3 and 4: focus on assessing emotions underlyingg each partners position on relationship
step 5: partners are encouraged to identify and accept psychological needs and integrate them
step 6: each partner to learn to accept the others new approach to the realtionship
step 7:facilitating of this adjustment by ensuring emotional engagement
step 8: developing new solutions to old relationship problems
step 9: consolidating these new solutions and the partner’s new relationship positions
What is benchmark strategy?
benchmarking strategy is the use of data from empirical studies to provide a comparison against which the effectiveness of clinical services can be determined
