Chapter 12

Question 1

Enterprise crimes

Answer 1

illegal acts of opportunity that involve breaking regulatory rules but not personal victimization for the purpose of financial gain

Question 2

White-collar crime

Answer 2

illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace, including embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, and false advertising

Question 3

Green criminology

Answer 3

the study of crimes against environment, usually for profit

Question 4

Cybercrime

Answer 4

illegal acts that use computer technology both for illicit gain, such as fraud, and for moral crimes, such as child pornography and stalking

Question 5

Organized crime

Answer 5

illegal acts committed by a gang, such as drug trafficking

Question 6

Occupational crime

Answer 6

crime committed by employees for personal gain using the structural advantage provided by their employment

Question 7

Chiselling

Answer 7

cheating an organization or its customers

Question 8

Churning

Answer 8

a white-collar crime in which a stockbroker makes repeated trades to fraudulently increase his or her commissions

Question 9

Insider trading

Answer 9

illegal buying of stock in a company on the basis of information provided by someone in the company, such as an employee, attorney, or accountant of the firm

Question 10

Arbitrage

Answer 10

the practice of buying large blocks of stock in companies that are believed to be the target of corporate buyouts or takeovers

Question 11

Pilferage

Answer 11

theft by employees through stealth or deception

Question 12

Corporate crime

Answer 12

a legal violation by a corporate entity, such as price-fixing, restraint of trade, hazardous waste dumping, unfair advertising, or monopolistic practices

Question 13

Price-fixing

Answer 13

a form of corporate crime, where companies conspire together to artificially inflate the price of goods

Question 14

Compliance

Answer 14

a white-collar enforcement strategy that encourages law-abiding behaviour through both the threat of economic sanctions and the promise of rewards for conformity

Question 15

Deterrence

Answer 15

the act of preventing crime before it occurs by means of the threat of criminal sanctions; the perception that the pain of punishment outweighs the criminal gain or profit

Question 16

Alien conspiracy theory

Answer 16

the view that organized crime was imported from Europe, and that crime cartels restrict their membership to people of their own ethnic background

Question 17

Enterprise Crimes is made up of 3 parts, what are they?

Answer 17

White-collar crime, cyber-crime, and organized crime

Question 18

What are the 7 types of white collar crimes?

Answer 18

Swindling, chiselling, individual exploitation of institutional position, influence peddling and bribery, embezzlement and employee fraud, client frauds, and corporate crime

Question 19

What are the two causes of white collar crime?

Answer 19

Corporate Culture (theory) and self-control view

Question 20

What are two white-collar control strategies?

Answer 20

Compliance and deterrence