Chapter 1

Question 1

Criminal justice system

Answer 1

the stages through which the offender passes, including police, courts, and corrections

Question 2

Intimate violence

Answer 2

crime that occurs in the context of familiarity, such as spousal abuse, child abuse, or elder abuse

Question 3

Criminology

Answer 3

the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behaviour

Question 4

Criminologist

Answer 4

one who brings objectively and method to the study of crime and its consequences

Question 5

Deviant behaviour

Answer 5

behaviour that departs from or doesn’t conform to social norms, but isn’t defined as a crime by the law

Question 6

Decriminalization

Answer 6

reducing the penalty for a criminal act, and its illegality

Question 7

Utilitarianism

Answer 7

a view that punishment should be balanced and fair, and that crime is a rational choice

Question 8

Classical criminology

Answer 8

the perspective that people freely choose crime, and that it can be reduced through the threat of criminal sanctions

Question 9

Positivism

Answer 9

a branch of social science that sees behaviour as a product of social, biological, psychological, and economic forces

Question 10

Criminal anthropology

Answer 10

early efforts to discover a biological basis to crime through physical measurements, usually associated with Cesare Lombroso

Question 11

Atavistic anomalies (or traits)

Answer 11

the physical characteristics of “born criminals” that indicate they are throwbacks to primitive people

Question 12

Anomie

Answer 12

rapidly shifting moral values produce normlessness, where the individual has little guide to what is socially acceptable, usually associated with Robert Merton

Question 13

Chicago School

Answer 13

Early 20th century sociological research on the social ecology of the city and the city of urban crime

Question 14

Bourgeoisie

Answer 14

in Marxist theory, the owners of the means of production; the capitalist ruling class

Question 15

Proletariat

Answer 15

in the Marxist theory, the working glass, who provide the labour in capitalism

Question 16

Criminological enterprise

Answer 16

the totality of criminology, which includes many fields, or subareas, of study

Question 17

White-collar crime

Answer 17

crimes committed by those with power, such as embezzlement, false advertising, or stock market manipulation

Question 18

Moral entrepreneurs

Answer 18

interest groups or individuals who are in a position to promote their own values onto others

Question 19

Cross-sectional research

Answer 19

surveys that use data from all age, race, gender, and income segments of the population

Question 20

Longitudinal research

Answer 20

research that tracks that development of a group of subjects over time

Question 21

Cohort

Answer 21

a sample of subjects whose behaviour is followed over a period