3rd -Chapter 4

Question 1

Victimology

Answer 1

the study of the victim’s role in criminal transactions

Question 2

Cycle of violence

Answer 2

the phenomenon of child victims of abuse becoming adult criminals due to their early abusive experiences

Question 3

Acquaintance-related crime

Answer 3

a crime committed by an offender who has had a prior relationship with the victim; date rape is such a crime

Question 4

Stranger-related crime

Answer 4

a crime committed by an offender who has had no prior relationship with the victim, such as most incidents of carjacking

Question 5

Victimologist

Answer 5

a researcher who studies the role of victims in the crime process

Question 6

Victim precipitation

Answer 6

the view that a victim’s behaviour or characteristics, such as verbal abuse, or openly displaying wealth, can act as the spark that ignites the subsequent offence

Question 7

Active precipitation

Answer 7

the aggressive behaviour of victims, which provokes a reaction

Question 8

Passive precipitation

Answer 8

the view that personal and social characteristics of victims make them attractive targets for predatory criminals

Question 9

Aggravating factor

Answer 9

a circumstance that makes a crime more serious; for example, racism makes an assault more serious, resulting in a harsher sentence as a hate crime

Question 10

Mitigating factor

Answer 10

a circumstance that makes a crime less serious; for example, abused people react more when threatened, which may serve as a defence or may lead to a lighter sentence

Question 11

Equivalent group hypothesis

Answer 11

the view that victims and criminals share similar characteristics, and their lifestyle exposes them to increased levels of victimization risk

Question 12

Lifestyle theory

Answer 12

the view that the lifestyle of the victim is a factor in the likelihood of a crime being committed, such as the number of times the victim goes out or the people the victim associates with

Question 13

Proximity hypothesis

Answer 13

the view that people become crime victims because they live or work in areas with large criminal populations

Question 14

Deviant place hypothesis

Answer 14

the theory that suggests there are natural areas for crime, which are poor, densely populated, highly transient neighbourhoods in which commercial and residential property exist side by side

Question 15

Routine activities theory

Answer 15

the view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living: a suitable, unprotected target will be identified as a target by motivated offenders

Question 16

Predatory crime

Answer 16

a violent, opportunistic crime, not usually familiar-related, such as stealing brand-name clothing from strangers

Question 17

Suitable target

Answer 17

according to routine activities theory, a target for crime that is relatively valuable, easily transportable, and not capably guarded

Question 18

Motivated offenders

Answer 18

the potential offenders in a population who exploit opportunities to commit crime

Question 19

Victim compensation

Answer 19

financial restitution to the victim of crime, usually provided by provinces and territories and funded by a surcharge levied in criminal cases

Question 20

Crisis intervention

Answer 20

a form of program provided to victims of crime, many of whom are feeling isolated, vulnerable, and in need of immediate services such as counselling

Question 21

Target hardening

Answer 21

making one’s home and business crime-proof through the installation of locks, bars, alarms, and other devices

Question 22

Displacement

Answer 22

the effect when heavy law enforcement in one area drives crime to another, less well-enforced area, thus making this policing strategy ineffective overall