Chapter 11 - Water & Major Minerals Flashcards
1
Q
True or False:
Depending on a person’s age, sex, and body composition, 50% to 75% of their body is water weight.
A
True
2
Q
What are the import roles in the body from water?
A
- Removing water products
- Lubricating Tissues
- Regulating Body Temps
- Maintaining acid-base balance in the body
3
Q
What are the 2 major fluid compartments?
A
Intracellular and Extracellular
4
Q
About how much of the body water is in intracellular compartment?
A
2/3
5
Q
The Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake is approximately how much for young women?
A
11 cups (2.7 L)
6
Q
The Adequate Intake (AI) for total water intake is approximately how much for young men?
A
15.3 cups (3.7 L)
7
Q
About how much % do human obtain water from food?
A
20%
8
Q
About how much % do human obtain water from water and Beverages?
A
80%
9
Q
What is the major regulator for the body’s water balance?
A
The kidneys
10
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and the renin-angiotensin system control what?
A
Water balance, primarily through regulation of urine output
11
Q
How can you determine how much water an individual is consuming and how?
A
Thought their urine and the color
12
Q
What is also called over hydration?
A
Hyponatremia
13
Q
What are the 2 classifications of minerals?
A
Major and trace minerals
14
Q
What are the major minerals?
A
- Calcium
- Chloride
- Magnesium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Sulfur
15
Q
What is the most plentiful mineral in the human body?
A
Calcium - Ca
16
Q
What is calcium essential for?
A
- Bone and teeth formation
- muscle contraction
- Blood clotting
- Nerve transmission
- Cell metabolism
17
Q
What foods contain Calcium?
A
- Milk products
- Broccoli and leafy greens
Ca is also added to a variety of foods, including fortified orange juice, margarine, soy milk, cereals, and breakfast bars.
18
Q
What is excessive calcium called?
A
Hypercalcemia
19
Q
A deficiency in calcium can cause…
A
Osteoporosis
20
Q
What is the 2nd most abundant mineral in the body?
A
Phosphorus
21
Q
What is phosphorus involved with within the body?
A
formation of bones and teeth. It is essential for every cell in the human body.
22
Q
What are the food sources for phosphorus?
A
Dairy foods, meat, and cereal grains are the primary sources of phosphorus in the typical American diet.
23
Q
What happens during a phosphorus deficiency?
A
leads to bone loss and decreased bone mineralization and strength. Children who are deficient in phosphorus experience symptoms of rickets.
24
Q
Excessive amounts of phosphorus can lead to…
A
Hyperphosphatemia
25
Functions of Sodium include….
maintaining normal fluid balance, transmission of nerve impulses, transporting substance into cells, and muscle function.
26
Food sources of sodium are …
Salt (sodium chloride) is the primary source of sodium in American diets. Other common sodium-containing food additives include sodium nitrate, sodium citrate, and monosodium glutamate (MSG).
Processed foods are high in sodium, whereas uncooked fruits and vegetables are low in sodium.
27
Sodium deficiency causes…
Hyponatremia
28
Excessive amounts of sodium are called…
Hypertension
Hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke.
The Dietary Guidelines recommend less than 2300mg of sodium daily.
29
Functions of “Potassium” ( K) are…
As the primary positively charged ion in the intracellular fluid, potassium helps maintain proper fluid and electrolyte balance.
30
What foods are from Potassium
Overall, fresh fruits, fruit juices, and vegetables are good dietary sources of potassium. Processed foods are poor sources of potassium.
31
What is a Potassium deficiency?
Hypokalemia
32
Excessive amounts of Potassium are called…
Hyperlakemia
Shouldn’t take potassium supplements unless are under a physician’s care
33
What are the functions for “Magnesium” (Mg)?
Important metabolic and physiological activities, including contraction and relaxation of muscles, enzyme function, energy production, and DNA and protein synthesis.
34
What are the food sources of Mg?
Therefore, plant food such as spinach, green leafy vegetables, whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, and chocolate are the richest sources of magnesium.
35
What are excessive amount of Mg called…
Hypermagnesemia
overuse of laxatives, antacids, and dietary supplements that contain magnesium. Patients suffering from kidney failure and older adults have a high risk of magnesium toxicity.
36
Functions of Chloride are …
essential for maintaining proper fluid and electrolyte balance as the primary anion in extracellular fluid. Chloride is also found in gastric juice as a component of HCl.
37
Food sources of Chloride are …
table or sea salt (sodium chloride). Many vegetables also contain chloride.
38
Deficiency in Chloride are …
may be seen in cases of extreme vomiting, diarrhea, and/or sweating, as well as with diuretic use.
39
Excessive amounts digested from Chloride are …
consuming too much chloride can contribute to hypertension.
40
Functions of “Sulfur” (S) are …
the amino acids methionine and cysteine. It is essential to the activity of many enzymes and as part of antioxidant molecules.
41
Food sources of sulfur from Sulfur are …
Protein-rich foods, including meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, legumes, and nuts provide ample sulfur to diets.
42
Deficiency in Sulfur are …
Are rare and occur only with sever protein deficiency, which is uncommon in the United States.
43
Excessive Sulfur intake are ….
Unlikely to occur in the USA
44
How much per day should a human intake for “Trace Minerals”?
100mg / day
45
What are the Trace Minerals?
1. Iron
2. Iodine
3. Zinc
4. Selenium
5. Flouride
6. Chromium
7. Copper
8. Manganese
9. Molybdenum
10. Possibly other minerals
46
Functions of “Iron” are …
necessary for energy metabolism, growth, reproduction, wound healing, and immune function.
47
Food sources of Iron are…
Beef, fish, and poultry contain more iron (heme iron) than most plant foods.
The remaining iron in meat, as well as all the iron in vegetables, grains, dietary supplements, and fortified or enriched foods, is nonheme iron. Naturally occurring components of plant foods, such as phytates and polyphenols, reduce iron absorption.
48
What are the 2 forms of Iron can be found?
Heme and Nonheme
49
Iron deficiencies are …
- Characterized by abnormally low iron levels in the body.
- The deficiency usually results from losing blood, consuming diets that lack iron, or being unable to absorb adequate amounts of dietary iron.
- The third stage of iron deficiency is iron deficiency anemia, which has widespread negative effects on the body.
*** Vegetarians have a higher risk of iron deficiency than people who eat meat because meat provides heme iron.***
50
Iron excessive intake are …
Blood acts as an oxidant and causes damage to cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. Iron overload occurs when toxic amounts of iron supplements are ingested, but the condition also results from certain genetic conditions.
51
Iodine functions are …
People require iodine for normal thyroid function and for the production of different thyroid hormones.
52
Iodine food sources are …
Major sources of iodine include:
- Saltwater fish
- Seafood
- Seaweed
- Some plants, especially the leaves of plants grown near oceans
- Milk
- Eggs
- Iodized salt
53
Iodine deficiencies are …
develop hypothyroidism.
54
Iodine excessive intake are …
- high amounts of iodine can cause goiters and hypothyroidism, the same outcomes as those that occur when diets are deficient in iodine.
- In some cases, iodine toxicity causes hyperthyroidism.
- Also, excess iodine is associated with an increased risk of a form of thyroid cancer.
55
Zinc Functions are …
Important for the functioning of over 300 enzymes. The trace mineral is necessary for growth and development, wound healing, the sense of taste and smell, DNA synthesis, and proper functioning of the nervous and immune systems.
56
Zinc food sources are …
Red meat and poultry products supply most of the zinc in the typical American diet. Phytic acid and fiber decrease zinc bioavailability.
57
Zinc deficiency is…
stunted growth, delayed sexual maturation, poor wound healing, impaired sense of taste, and mental slowness.
58
Zince excessive intake is …
- Can result in diarrhea, cramps, nausea, vomiting, and depressed immune system function.
- People should avoid high zinc supplementation unless they are under a physician's supervision.
59
Selenium functions are …
Selenium functions as a component of selenoproteins, many of which are antioxidants.
60
Selenium food sources are …
Rich food sources of selenium include seafood and organ meats, such as liver and kidney.
61
Selenium deficiency include …
Reduces thyroid gland activity, and can cause male infertility, depressed immune system function, and may contribute to the development of specific forms of heart disease and cancer.
62
Selenium high intake is …
Selenosis is rare in the USA
63
Flouride (F) functions include …
helps mineralize teeth and bones, and can prevent tooth decay.
64
True or False
Fluoride (F-) is not considered an essential nutrient because it is not required for growth or to sustain life.
True
65
Flouride food sources are …
fluoridated water, coffee, tea, soft drinks, beer, and juice are American's main dietary sources of fluoride. Fluoridated drinking water provides approximately 80% of fluoride intake.
Non-food sources of fluoride include toothpaste, mouthwash, and dental treatments.
66
Flouride deficiency is …
is not an essential nutrient, it is unlikely that negative consequences will occur from having a low intake of this trace mineral.
67
Flouride high intake can …
cause dental fluorosis during tooth development and skeletal fluorosis, which rarely occurs in the United States.
68
Chromium functions are …
Enhances the effect of insulin. Chromium is also important for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism and storage.
69
Chromium food sources are …
Meat, whole-grain products, yeast, spices, fruits, and vegetables are good sources of chromium.
70
Chromium deficiencies are …
impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
71
Chromium excessive intake is …
occurs in food has not been shown to produce toxicity, and the long-term safety of taking various chromium supplements is unknown.
72
Copper functions are …
required for the function of a group of enzymes called cuproenzymes.
73
Copper food sources are …
Organ meats, shellfish, whole grains, nuts, and seeds are good sources of copper.
74
Copper deficiencies are …
airly rare in the United States.
75
Copper excessive intake is …
Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the body.
76
Manganese (Mn) functions are …
important component and activator of many enzymes in the body. These manganese-dependent enzymes play roles in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation, and antioxidant function.
77
Manganese food sources are …
include leafy vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and tea.
78
Manganese deficiencies
rarely occurs in humans.
79
Manganese excessive intake is …
causes a neurological disorder that is similar to Parkinson's disease.
80
Molybdenum functions are …
is a cofactor for four enzymes in humans.
81
Molybdenum food sources are …
Legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas are high in molybdenum. Grains and nuts are also good sources.
82
Molybdenum deficiencies is …
reported in healthy individuals, and there is limited evidence of molybdenum toxicity in people who are healthy.
83
How long can a human survive without water?
A few days
84
Depending on a person's unique body composition roughly what percentage of body weight is contributed by water?
50-70%
85
Which of the following are functions of water?
transport nutrients
regulate body temperature
major solvent
86
The body maintains fluid balance by controlling in each compartment the concentration of _______
Ions
87
What type of tissue contains the least amount of water?
Fat tissue
88
Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?
Multiple choice question.
bodily fluids help lubricate body tissues
bodily fluids serve as the basis for saliva, bile, and amniotic fluid
bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body
bodily fluids serve as the basis for excretion of waste products from the body
bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body
89
Water moves from a region that is _____ to a region that has more material dissolved in it.
Dilute
90
Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called
Ions and electrolytes
91
The amount of water a person needs to consume is determined by
physical activities.
health conditions.
environmental temperatures.
dietary choices.
92
Which of the following are functions of water?
Multiple select question.
major solvent
provide energy
transport nutrients
regulate body temperature
major solvent
transport nutrients
regulate body temperature
93
Diffusion _____ when the concentrations of the material on either side of the plasma membrane are equal.
Stops
94
A person who has perspired a lot while exercising on a humid day is at risk for _______ due to fluid losses.
Dehydration
95
What is the primary avenue for excess water to be removed from the body?
Multiple choice question.
feces
urine output
perspiration
breath
Urine output
96
Recommendations for total _____ intake vary widely because factors such as environmental temperatures, health conditions, physical activities, and dietary choices influence individual requirements.
Water
97
The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when
Multiple select question.
fluid intake is excessive.
fluid losses are minimal.
fluid loss is great.
fluid intake is limited.
fluid loss is great.
fluid intake is limited.
98
Which of the following are major minerals?
Multiple select question.
Sodium
Potassium
Iron
Calcium
Calcium Ca)
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
99
Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?
Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
100
True or False
Most unusable substances in the body can dissolve in water and exit the body through the urine.
True
101
Each of the MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet. What are the five MyPlate food groups?
Multiple select question.
Vegetables
Grains
Dairy
Protein
Fruits
Water
Vegetables
Grains
Dairy
Protein
Fruits
102
Minerals that are required in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams are classified as _____ minerals.
Major
103
How are minerals classified?
Multiple select question.
non carbon-containing minerals
carbon-containing minerals
trace minerals
major minerals
Major and Trace
104
Roles for calcium in the body include
Multiple select question.
saliva secretion.
blood clot formation.
muscle contraction.
bone and teeth formation.
blood clot formation.
muscle contraction.
bone and teeth formation.
105
The process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity is called
Bone mineralization
106
Iron plays an integral role in______.
Formation of red blood cells
107
True or False
Each of the My Plate food groups contribute minerals to the diet.
True
108
Major minerals are called major because
Multiple select question.
they are stored in the body in larger quantities.
they are synthesized the body in larger amounts.
they have a more important role in the body.
they are needed in greater dietary amounts.
they are stored in the body in larger quantities.
they are needed in greater dietary amounts
109
For most Americans, milk products are significant food sources for ______.
Ca
110
The most plentiful mineral in the body is ______.
Ca
111
Calcium absorption in the small intestine is achieved with the help of
Multiple select question.
calcium-binding protein.
Vitamin D.
hydroxyapetite.
calcitonin.
calcium-binding protein.
Vitamin D.
112
The crystalline structure composed of calcium and phosphorus used for bone formation is called ______.
Hydroxyapatite
113
People with osteoporosis may break a bone by falling, or they may experience _______ fractures, in which a fragile bone gives way for no apparent reason.
Spontaneous
114
Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the _____
Skeleton
115
The greatest proportion of calcium absorption occurs in the ______
Duodenum
116
Which of the following is NOT a good source of phosphorus in the typical American diet?
Multiple choice question.
Chicken breast
Cottage cheese
Apples
Oatmeal
Apples
117
Which bones are most often subject to osteoporosis-related fractures?
Vertebrae
Hip Bones
Wrist
Ankle
118
Which of the following diseases or conditions are positively affected by calcium rich diets?
Multiple select question.
chronic inflammation
lung cancer
hypertension
insulin resistance
hypertension
insulin resistance
chronic inflammation
119
Roles for phosphorus in the body include
Multiple select question.
facilitating nerve transmission.
synthesizing DNA.
regulating acid-base balance.
generating ATP.
synthesizing DNA.
regulating acid-base balance.
generating ATP.
120
Good dietary sources of phosphorus include
Multiple select question.
meat.
fruits.
vegetables.
dairy.
meat.
dairy.
121
The AI for sodium in adults is ____
1500 mg/day
122
What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common?
Maintaining fluid balance
123
Table salt is chemically known as _____ _______
Na Cl
124
Sodium is often added to foods during processing in order to ______
Retard food spoilage
Enhance flavor
125
The AI for sodium is __________ in people who perspire heavily.
Higher
126
People with hypertension are at an increased risk of
Multiple select question.
stroke.
kidney cancer.
kidney failure.
heart disease.
Stroke
Kidney failure
heart disease
127
Potassium is needed by the body for
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission
128
The absorption of dietary magnesium increases when _____
the body is deficient in magnesium.
129
The absorption of magnesium usually ranges from between
40% - 60%
130
True or False
The adult RDA for magnesium ranges from 500 to 1000 mg/day
False
It’s 310 to 420 mg/day
131
Sulfur is a component of
cysteine.
methionine.
ascorbic acid.
biotin.
Cysteine
Methionine
Biotin
132
The adequate intake(AI) for chloride is
2300 mg/day
133
Sulfur is essential to the functioning of glutathione which has ______ activity in the body.
Antioxidant
