Chapter 11 Plus Review Flashcards
Provide the definition of the term:
Richard Arkwright
in 1764 he invented the water frame which was a spinning machine powered by running water
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
The factory system refers to workers and machinery separate in different places.
False. The factory system refers to workers and machinery together in one place.
How did the Industrial Revolution change the way the work was performed?
It introduced mechanized and factory-based production methods, instead of relying on manual labor and skilled artisans
After being provided the definition, name the term:
someone who invests capital, or money, in a business to earn a profit
capitalist
Provide the definition of the term:
Samuel Slater
he memorized the plans of Arkwright’s machines and then snuck out of Britain to head to the USA
Why did Samuel Slater have to build his machines from memory?
—> Britain tried to guard the secrets of its industrial success, forbiding any skilled textile worker to leave the country.
—> Slater relied on his memory of the machinery to recreate the machines in the U.S. He did not write the plans down because if he got caught, there was evidence that he was breaking the law.
Answer the statement with the best available option:
Mass production is the rapid manufacturing of large numbers of…
A. similar objects
B. different objects
C. identical objects
D. closely related objects
C. identical objects
Fill in the blanks:
Francis Cabot Lowell opened a _________ mill in Massachusetts that brought together the spinning of ________ and _________ of cloth in one building.
textile, thread, weaving
How was the Lowell factory system different from the European factory system?
- Instead of obtaining thread from separate spinning mills, Lowell’s factory brought spinning and weaving together in one building
- Additionally, the Lowell system also hired unmarried women to work
After being provided the definition, name the term:
identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers
interchangeable parts
Provide the definition of the term:
Eli Whitney
in the 1790s he devised the system of interchangeable parts which makes mass production possible
How did Eli Whitney’s system of interchangeable parts speed up the manufacturing process?
Whitney developed a system that allowed for mass production. His system was easier because workers were using machines that could produce identical parts, which allowed for parts that could be easily swapped and assembled into finished products. This reduced the need for skilled labor and minimized production time.
In the Industrial Revolution, machines took the place of many hand tools. What were the two new main sources of power?
- Flowing water
- Steam engines
What sped up the thread-making process in the 1760s?
the Spinning Jenny
When Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, textile mills began to be built where?
on the banks of rivers
Answer the question with the best available option:
A few decades after the water frame was invented, who built the first steam powered textile plant?
A. Eli Whitney
B. Samuel Slater
C. Richard Arkwright
D. Francis Cabot Lowell
C. Richard Arkwright
Who built the first water-frame-style spinning machine in the United States?
Samuel Slater
Fill in the blanks:
During the _____________, the British navy blockaded U.S. ports, which caused ___________________ to grow significantly.
War of 1812, American industry
Did Francis Lowell or Samuel Slater treat their employees better?
Francis Lowell
What were the typical factory working conditions in Lowell’s textile mills?
- Decent living conditions - the workers would live in dormitories that were generally well maintained in the town of Lowell, Massachusetts
- Educational opportunites - the town offered educational opportunities, encouraging the workers to attend lectures and visit libraries
What were the typical factory working conditions in Sam Slater’s textile mills?
- Long workdays: 12-14 hours
- Bad factory conditions: poor lighting, little fresh air, dangerous
- Bad safety conditions: dangerous machinery, caused many injuries
- No treatment of disabled workers: if you get injured, you are on your own
Provide the definition of the term:
Eli Whitney
this is referring to after his invention of interchangeable parts
he invented the cotton gin in 1793
After being provided the definition, name the term:
used a spiked cylinder to remove seeds from cotton fibers
cotton gin
This image is an example of what?
a cotton gin
What was one of the arguments that southerners used to justify owning slaves?
Southerners claimed the system of slavery was more humane than the free labor system of the North
Why did southerners claim that slavery was more humane than the North’s free labor system?
- Southerners claimed that enslaved people were provided with lifelong care, including food and shelter, which was more secure than the uncertain conditions faced by free laborers in Northern factories
- If a worker got injured, they got no guaranteed treatment, but if a slave got injured, the master would make sure that the slave got medical examination so they could get back to work
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
Spirituals were laws that controlled every aspect of a slave’s life.
False. Slave codes were laws that controlled every aspect of a slave’s life.
Provide the definition of the term:
Nat Turner
he led one of the most famous slave revolts in Virginia in 1831
What arguments did critics of slavery use to challenge the southerners’ justification for owning slaves?
They argued that northern workers were free to quit a job (free laborers) and take another if conditions became too harsh
Answer the statement with the best available option:
Spirituals were religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of…
A. textile mills
B. machinery
C. weaving
D. slavery
D. slavery
Fill in the blank:
______ was the year that importing slaves from Africa was made illegal.
1808
How widespread was slave ownership?
Fewer than 50% of white Americans owned slaves in the southern states
How did African Americans adapt to slavery?
They retained and blended African cultural traditions with new ones developed in America. This included music, dance, customs, and religion, such as spirituals.
How did enslaved African Americans resist slavery?
- Some worked slowly or pretended not to understand what they were told to do
- Others purposely broke farm equipment
- Some daring African Americans fled north to freedom
- Rarely, there were organized resistances
After being provided the definition, name the term:
reformers who wanted to abolish, or end slavery
abolitionist
Provide the definition of the term:
William Lloyd Garrison
one of the most forceful voices for abolition, he was against the use of violence to end slavery and supported full political rights for all African Americans
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
Frederick Douglass was an African American abolitionist who gave speeches against slavery and published an anti-slavery newspaper called the South Star.
False. Frederick Douglass was an African American abolitionist who gave speeches against slavery and published an anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star.
How did slavery end in the North?
In 1780, Pennsylvania became the first state to pass a law that eliminated slavery. Other northern states followed, and by 1804, every northern state had ended or pledged to end slavery.
What role did Frederick Douglass play in the abolitionist movement?
Escaping from slavery himself, Douglass used his firsthand experience to advocate for slavery abolition. He delivered speeches at antislavery rallies, and published the abolitionist newspaper the North Star.
Provide the definition of the term:
Amistad
famous slave ship that had a slave rebellion resulting in a court case that made it to the Supreme Court
Complete the statement with the best available option:
Harriet Tubman was the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad, and as a result, she was given the nickname…
A. Black Noah
B. Black Gabriel
C. Black Mary
D. Black Moses
D. Black Moses
Provide the definition of the term:
Underground Railroad
a secret network of people who helped slaves reach freedom in the North
How did the Underground Railroad work?
Conductors led fugitive slaves from one station to the next. Stations were usually the homes of abolitionists. Supporters helped by donating clothing, food, and money to pay for passage on trains and boats.
What were some reasons northerners opposed abolition?
- Textile mill owners and merchants relied on the cotton produced by slave labor
- Northern workers feared that freed slaves might come north and take their jobs
Fill in the blank:
______ was the first state to ban slavery in its constitution.
Ohio
What newspaper did William Lloyd Garrison found?
the Liberator in 1831
True or false? If false, correct the statement:
William Lloyd Garrison co-founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society.
True
Why was David Walker important to the antislavery movement?
He wrote Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, a pamphlet that called enslaved people to rebel or revolt to gain their freedom
Fill in the blanks:
John Quincy Adams read _____________ petitions from the floor of the House of Representatives, and spoke to the Supreme Court for nine hours to help free the _________ captives.
antislavery, Amistad
Answer the statement with the best available option:
Southerners in Congress won passage of a… which blocked discussion of antislavery petitions.
A. gag rule
B. hag rule
C. quiet rule
D. pass rule
A. gag rule
Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin in ______.
(this is part of the essay)
1793
After Eli Whitney invented the Gin, two major events took place:
- Upland cotton could now
___________________________________________. - Slaves were now ________________________________________________________.
(this is part of the essay)
- be profitably grown all across the South
- in greater demand. As a result, millions more were imported
Southern agriculture became __________________________.
(this is part of the essay)
dependent on King Cotton
Southerners gave cotton the nickname “king” because they viewed it as the most important crop for the entire nation. The northerners depended on it for their textile mills, and for the southerners, it was their biggest cash crop.
Southerners came to view slavery ________________________________________________________.
(this is part of the essay)
as an economic necessity and they strongly defended it
