Chapter 11: Performance Enhancing Substances And Techniques

Question 0

What are the 3 types of ergogenic aids?

Answer 0

Nutritional aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids

Question 1

Why do athletes take ergogenic aids?

Answer 1

Physical appearance, to prevent and teat injuries, illnesses or diseases, peer pressure, cope with stress, increase athletic potential and bridge the genetic gap

Question 2

What are examples of nutritional aids?

Answer 2

Vitamins and minerals, protein and amino acids, carnitine, creatine, caffeine

Question 3

What are examples of pharmacological aids?

Answer 3

Pain masking drugs, anabolic steroids, prohormones, human growth hormone, erythropoietin

Question 4

What are examples of physiological aids?

Answer 4

Blood doping, drug masking

Question 5

Vitamins and minerals

Answer 5

Studies have not shown improved exercise performance. Taking megadoses can be harmful. Only useful where deficiencies are present

Question 6

Protein and amino acids

Answer 6

Beneficial for muscle repair. Excess amounts is unnecessary, body will use it deficient or store as excess weight. Can produce elevated levels of urea and muscle cramps in extreme excess.

Question 7

Carnitine

Answer 7

Fat burner. Claims to decrease lactate production, increase VO2 max and indices loss of body fat. Found in meat and dairy. No support for claims that it improves body composition or athletic performance

Question 8

Creatine

Answer 8

Present in normal skeletal muscle and facilitates ATP production. Claims to increase phosphor eating storage in muscle, increase speed, power and strength ( some studies prove this). May result in kidney damage and muscle cramps. Found in red and organ meats. Individuals are responders or non-responders

Question 9

Caffeine

Answer 9

Increases alertness and performance, reduces fatigue. Theoretically produces dehydration. Causes nervousness and irritability.

Question 10

Pain masking drugs

Answer 10

Narcotic analgesics (morphine, heroin). Athlete may increase injury while on drug. Highly addictive.

Question 11

Anabolic steroids

Answer 11

Synthetic derivative for testosterone. Increases muscle mass and strength, decrease body fat, quicker recovery from training. No enhancement of performance. Liver damage, increased aggressiveness, masculinization.

Question 12

Prohormones

Answer 12

Supposedly converts to testosterone. Side effects…acne, baldness, breast enlargement in males, aggressive behaviour

Question 13

Human growth hormone

Answer 13

Increase muscle mass, strengthen bones, limit weight gain. Side effects…heart problems, excessive growth of hands and feet, organ enlargement, skeletal abnormalities

Question 14

Erythropoietin

Answer 14

Natural protein produced in kidneys. Used in endurance sports. Synthetic EPO increases hemoglobin levels, which increase RBC’s ability to carry oxygen

Question 15

Blood doping

Answer 15

Intravenous administration of ones blood or another to raise hemoglobin levels. About 2 units of blood removed form athlete for 6-8 weeks. Body produces more blood and them existing blood is injects 1-7 days before competition. Increased cardio respiratory endurance

Question 16

Drug masking

Answer 16

Drugs are used to mask or reduce presence of banned substances. Increased amount of urine produces and therefore dilute the concentration of the banned substance