Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Body Lecture > chapter 11 Digestive system > Flashcards

chapter 11 Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

hormones in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

paracrine

A

hormones in ECF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

exocrine

A

digestive enzyme outside through a duct and into lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

if food moves too fast what happens

A

the body is unable to efficiently extract nutrients from it before it is excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

if food moves too slowly what happens?

A

it can cause extreme discomfort and lead to serious disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

small intestine

A

site of most absorption (jejunum and ileum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

significance of albumin

A

holds onto water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

urea cycle

A

production of ammonia from urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some common waste products from cell metabolism?

A

CO2 and H2O from atp production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are waste products removed and do they impact the blood?

A

CO2 in blood can be buffered and causes no changes in pH

-if it overwhelms the buffering system it will cause pH In the blood to accumulate making it acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of stuff as it enters the cell

  • realeases heat
  • energy release
  • liberation of building blocks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anabolism

A

building up products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

basic component of carbs

A

saccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

basic component of protein

A

amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

do fats have a defined monomer?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

carbohydrates are made from what three elements?

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glycosidic bond

A

covalent bond formed from a dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the production of glycogen is controlled by a hormones released by the ______, primarily insulin, which tell hepatocytes of the liver to take up the extra glucose in circulation after a meal

A

pancrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the 10 amino acids that we can produce on owr own generally do not need to be consumed in the diet are called

A

non-essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amino acids we cannot produce on our own is called

A

essential amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

humans can only use _____ amino acids; d amino acids are not useful for us and should not be consumed in the diet

A

L amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

the ____ group dictates the amino acids chemical properties , functions, and interaction with other amino acids in a protein

A

R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

sphincters

A

temporarily suspend movement in the GI tract to increase chemical digestion

25
in the mouth and the esophagus the epithelial cells are ____ to provide a protective function
stratified and partially keratinized
26
in the stomach the epithelial cells of the mucosa are _____ and are specialized for the production and secretion of HCL, mucus, and digestive enzymes
simple epithelia
27
small intestines are lined with enterocytes and goblet cells why
because they have a highly absorptive nature
28
what do villi and microvilli in the small intestine do?
increase surface area and increase nutrient absorption
29
large intestine epithelia
simple and stratified
30
the mucosa of the anal canal serves one purpose which is protection so ________ cells line it.
stratified squamous
31
activites within the layers of the GI tract are influenced or modulated by the ____ nervous system, but can function completely on their own without any input from the CNS due to the enteric nervous system
autonomic nervous system
32
smooth muscles cells in GI
open or close the lumen size
33
longitudinal muscle cells of the GI
propulsion cells (pushes food through)
34
parasympathetic neurons
``` increase motility increase digestive glands release ACH stimulates smooth muslces ITS STIMULATORY! ```
35
sympathetic neurons
``` releases norepinephrine decreases blood flow decreases motility decreases secretion of digestive enzymes decrease in expression of glands ITS INHIBITORY! ```
36
function of lamina propia
allows fro stretching, allow immune cells to move around
37
sensory neurons
detect changes in osmolarity of luminal contents | ex: chemoreceptors detect pH and physical changes
38
chemoreceptors detect
pH
39
mechanoreceptors detect
stretch
40
what happens to the GI tract under severe stress?
decreases motility
41
myenteric plexus is located in the ______.
located in the muscularis mucosa | mostly motor and inter neurons
42
the mouth is lined by a musous membrane and consists of stratified squamous epithelium. Why
provides protection from all the grinding and abrasions the mucosa suffers from food substances
43
the production of saliva via major and minor salivary glands is under ____ and _____ control.
neuronal and endocrine
44
tight occlusion of teeth
teeth of the upper arcade generally fit fairly precisely with those in the lower arcade
45
periodontal ligament
attaches tooth to underlying bone
46
deglutition occurs in three distinct phases what are they
oral stage pharyngeal stage esophageal stage
47
oral
only voluntary stage | involves mastication and bolus formation
48
pharyngeal phase
involuntary: bolus passes through pharynx to opening of esophagus, requires simultaneous contraction and relaxation of different muscles
49
esophageal stage
involuntary process | initiates peristalsis in the esophagus
50
saliva is _% water and _% electrolytes, enzymes, immunoglobins, urea and ammonia
99% water | 1% electrolytes
51
what nerve is the tongue controlled by? | what happens if there is damage to this nerve?
cranial nerve 12 hypoglossal | - damage to this nerve will cause paralysis and atrophyof the tongue on one side
52
cephalic phase
starts process of salivation by seeing food or smelling food
53
gastric phase
gets stomach ready for food - increases production of mucus - hydrochloric acid lowers stomach pH to 1.5 to 2 and need the mucus to buffer - chime - mixture of digestion watery mass of food
54
intestinal phase
when chime enters the duodenum
55
function of the 3 large salivary glands
facilitate taste , defends oral mucosa and tongue from infection
56
exocrine
secrete directly onto a surface or into a duct
57
endocrine
do not dump their products onto a surface or into a duct | instead secrete their product into the blood
58
paracrine
hormone in ECF | secretions meant to act locally
59
what impact would the overuse of antacids have on protein digetions/ absorption
it would decrease the HCL needed to activate pepsinogen to pepsin

Human Body Lecture (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions