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Human Body Lecture > chapter 11 Digestive system > Flashcards

chapter 11 Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine

A

hormones in blood

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2
Q

paracrine

A

hormones in ECF

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3
Q

exocrine

A

digestive enzyme outside through a duct and into lumen

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4
Q

zymogen

A

inactive enzyme

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5
Q

if food moves too fast what happens

A

the body is unable to efficiently extract nutrients from it before it is excreted

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6
Q

if food moves too slowly what happens?

A

it can cause extreme discomfort and lead to serious disorders

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7
Q

small intestine

A

site of most absorption (jejunum and ileum)

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8
Q

significance of albumin

A

holds onto water

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9
Q

urea cycle

A

production of ammonia from urea

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10
Q

what are some common waste products from cell metabolism?

A

CO2 and H2O from atp production

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11
Q

how are waste products removed and do they impact the blood?

A

CO2 in blood can be buffered and causes no changes in pH

-if it overwhelms the buffering system it will cause pH In the blood to accumulate making it acidic

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12
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of stuff as it enters the cell

  • realeases heat
  • energy release
  • liberation of building blocks
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13
Q

anabolism

A

building up products

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14
Q

basic component of carbs

A

saccharide

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15
Q

basic component of protein

A

amino acid

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16
Q

do fats have a defined monomer?

A

no

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17
Q

carbohydrates are made from what three elements?

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen

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18
Q

glycosidic bond

A

covalent bond formed from a dehydration reaction

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19
Q

the production of glycogen is controlled by a hormones released by the ______, primarily insulin, which tell hepatocytes of the liver to take up the extra glucose in circulation after a meal

A

pancrease

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20
Q

the 10 amino acids that we can produce on owr own generally do not need to be consumed in the diet are called

A

non-essential amino acids

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21
Q

amino acids we cannot produce on our own is called

A

essential amino acids

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22
Q

humans can only use _____ amino acids; d amino acids are not useful for us and should not be consumed in the diet

A

L amino acids

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23
Q

the ____ group dictates the amino acids chemical properties , functions, and interaction with other amino acids in a protein

A

R group

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24
Q

sphincters

A

temporarily suspend movement in the GI tract to increase chemical digestion

25
Q

in the mouth and the esophagus the epithelial cells are ____ to provide a protective function

A

stratified and partially keratinized

26
Q

in the stomach the epithelial cells of the mucosa are _____ and are specialized for the production and secretion of HCL, mucus, and digestive enzymes

A

simple epithelia

27
Q

small intestines are lined with enterocytes and goblet cells why

A

because they have a highly absorptive nature

28
Q

what do villi and microvilli in the small intestine do?

A

increase surface area and increase nutrient absorption

29
Q

large intestine epithelia

A

simple and stratified

30
Q

the mucosa of the anal canal serves one purpose which is protection so ________ cells line it.

A

stratified squamous

31
Q

activites within the layers of the GI tract are influenced or modulated by the ____ nervous system, but can function completely on their own without any input from the CNS due to the enteric nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system

32
Q

smooth muscles cells in GI

A

open or close the lumen size

33
Q

longitudinal muscle cells of the GI

A

propulsion cells (pushes food through)

34
Q

parasympathetic neurons

A 
increase motility
increase digestive glands
release ACH
stimulates smooth muslces
ITS STIMULATORY!
35
Q

sympathetic neurons

A 
releases norepinephrine
decreases blood flow
decreases motility
decreases secretion of digestive enzymes
decrease in expression of glands
ITS INHIBITORY!
36
Q

function of lamina propia

A

allows fro stretching, allow immune cells to move around

37
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect changes in osmolarity of luminal contents

ex: chemoreceptors detect pH and physical changes

38
Q

chemoreceptors detect

A

pH

39
Q

mechanoreceptors detect

A

stretch

40
Q

what happens to the GI tract under severe stress?

A

decreases motility

41
Q

myenteric plexus is located in the ______.

A

located in the muscularis mucosa

mostly motor and inter neurons

42
Q

the mouth is lined by a musous membrane and consists of stratified squamous epithelium. Why

A

provides protection from all the grinding and abrasions the mucosa suffers from food substances

43
Q

the production of saliva via major and minor salivary glands is under ____ and _____ control.

A

neuronal and endocrine

44
Q

tight occlusion of teeth

A

teeth of the upper arcade generally fit fairly precisely with those in the lower arcade

45
Q

periodontal ligament

A

attaches tooth to underlying bone

46
Q

deglutition occurs in three distinct phases what are they

A

oral stage
pharyngeal stage
esophageal stage

47
Q

oral

A

only voluntary stage

involves mastication and bolus formation

48
Q

pharyngeal phase

A

involuntary: bolus passes through pharynx to opening of esophagus, requires simultaneous contraction and relaxation of different muscles

49
Q

esophageal stage

A

involuntary process

initiates peristalsis in the esophagus

50
Q

saliva is _% water and _% electrolytes, enzymes, immunoglobins, urea and ammonia

A

99% water

1% electrolytes

51
Q

what nerve is the tongue controlled by?

what happens if there is damage to this nerve?

A

cranial nerve 12 hypoglossal

- damage to this nerve will cause paralysis and atrophyof the tongue on one side

52
Q

cephalic phase

A

starts process of salivation by seeing food or smelling food

53
Q

gastric phase

A

gets stomach ready for food

  • increases production of mucus
  • hydrochloric acid lowers stomach pH to 1.5 to 2 and need the mucus to buffer
  • chime - mixture of digestion watery mass of food
54
Q

intestinal phase

A

when chime enters the duodenum

55
Q

function of the 3 large salivary glands

A

facilitate taste , defends oral mucosa and tongue from infection

56
Q

exocrine

A

secrete directly onto a surface or into a duct

57
Q

endocrine

A

do not dump their products onto a surface or into a duct

instead secrete their product into the blood

58
Q

paracrine

A

hormone in ECF

secretions meant to act locally

59
Q

what impact would the overuse of antacids have on protein digetions/ absorption

A

it would decrease the HCL needed to activate pepsinogen to pepsin

Human Body Lecture (15 decks)

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