Chapter 10 Respiratory system

Question 1

ventilation

Answer 1

first step of respiration

-process of getting air into the actual lungs

Question 2

respiration

Answer 2

getting O2 from lungs into the blood

Question 3

perfusion

Answer 3

how much blood flow is going through an organ

-when we perfuse more blood we will get a higher concentration of gas exchange

Question 4

shunt

Answer 4

prevents an organ from getting as much blood

• under control of the autonomic nervous system
• the sympathetic nervous system probably wont push blood to kidneys

Question 5

quiet exhalation

Answer 5

thoracic cavity naturally contracts and air naturally goes out

Question 6

internal respiration

Answer 6

production of atp within the cell

-getting O2 from blood to cell

Question 7

external respiration

Answer 7

getting O2 into the blood

Question 8

gas exchange between the outside environment and the body cells requires 4 main steps

Answer 8

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport in blood
internal respiration

Question 9

gas exchange between the internal and external environment occurs at the r

Answer 9

respiratory membrane

Question 10

rate and efficiency of gas exchange is impacted by what

Answer 10

• concentration gradients across resp membrane
• air quality and air comp (level of humidity)
• atmospheric pressure
• RBC # and quality
• edema
• autonomic tone

Question 11

blood ph in a normal human is 7.4 this is maintained by ______ and _____ systems and monitored constantly by the _______.

Answer 11

respiratory and renal systems
monitored by the hypothalamus
also maintained by a buffering system

Question 12

what processes in the body produce H+

Answer 12

lactic acid production

• cellular respiration
• metabolism

Question 13

How is H+ removed by the respiratory system?

Answer 13

respiratory and renal system

Question 14

what happens to blood pH if CO2 cannot be efficiently removed? acidocis or alkalosis?

Answer 14

acidosis

Question 15

exposed mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract increase evaporative heat loss that is beneficial in _______ and detrimental in _____ air.

Answer 15

beneficial in warm moist air

detrimental in cold dry air

Question 16

what is the majority of gas we breathe?

Answer 16

nitrogen

Question 17

what does higher water vapor do to gas exchange

Answer 17

impedes gas exchange and diffusion at the respiratory membrane

Question 18

during times of high sympathetic tone what happens to capillaries

Answer 18

we will open more capillaries that surround the alveoli and then we allow more blood to perfuse through the lung tissues so we can get more O2 and diffuse more CO2

Question 19

during times of high parasympathetic tone

Answer 19

we don’t need to oxygenate the blood or blow off as much CO2 so you shunt the blood away from the lungs and toward other areas of the body

Question 20

what happens to the blood with too much CO2

Answer 20

becomes acidic

Question 21

what happens to the blood with too little CO2

Answer 21

becomes alkalitic

-alkalosis

Question 22

what would cause an alveoli to collapse?

Answer 22

trauma
or spontaneously collapsing
higer outside so a knife creates a hole or air to rush to the inside and pushes on the spongy tissue and it collapses so all the air in the lung is pushed out

Question 23

what happens if our blood becomes to acidic?

Answer 23

proteins become denatured

Question 24

what at the two chemoreceptors that detect pH

Answer 24

central chemoreceptor- in the brain tissue itself

• peripheral chemoreceptor- in the large arteies
• they both detect the H+ ion concentration

Question 25

if we blow off CO2 what happens to the amount of hydrogen in our blood?

Answer 25

hydrogen concentration goes down | -so when hydrogen goes down the pH level goes up

Question 26

if you have too many H+ ions in the blood what are you producing

Answer 26

carbon dioxide

Question 27

functions of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 27

ventilation, olfaction, thermoregulation, phonation

Question 28

structures of the upper respiratory tract are all a part of the ______ zone and are not involved in gas exchange

Answer 28

conducting zone

Question 29

respiratory epithelial lining the sinuses contain goblet cells which secrete _______. and also have ciliated cells which _______.

Answer 29

goblet cells secrete mucous | ciliated cells beat

Question 30

if mucus accumulates in the sinuses it causes what

Answer 30

infection because of the warm moist environment

Question 31

accumulation of mucus is caused by:

Answer 31

the closing of the ostia - reduction of cilia beating due to smoking - dehydration - cystic fibrosis

Question 32

cystic fibrosis

Answer 32

have a mutation that impacts their chloride channels | -really thick mucous so the cilia cannot move

Question 33

the lower respiratory tract is involved in both _____ and _____

Answer 33

conduction and respiration

Question 34

factors influencing gas diffusion

Answer 34

partial pressures of gas number of molecules temperature volume of container

Question 35

the goal of the respiratory system is to maintain ____ gas pressue in the alveolus and _____ gas pressure in the blood.

Answer 35

high gas pressure in alveolus and low gas pressure in blood

Question 36

equilibrium is prevented due to

Answer 36

ventilation of lungs - binding of proteins in the blood : hemoglobin - perfusion and flow in capillaries

Question 37

what would happen if blood flow stopped

Answer 37

we would reach equilibrium

Question 38

at the same pressure you have less O2 in a Hb molecule for some reason the Hb cant hold onto its O3 what does this cause

Answer 38

an increase in core body temp

Question 39

Hb holds onto O2 really tight and doesn't want to let go this causes what

Answer 39

a decrease in core body temp eventually hypothermia

Question 40

alveoli is located in the _____ zone

Answer 40

respiratory zone

Question 41

alveolar type 1 cells

Answer 41

main sites for gas exchange

Question 42

alveolar type 2 cells

Answer 42

produce surfactant and can function as stem cells

Question 43

clara cells

Answer 43

produce proteins to protect from toxins and regenerate type 2 cells

Question 44

what would cause the resp membrane to thicken?

Answer 44

edema -air pollution smoking

Question 45

there is only ____ type two cell per alveolus

Answer 45

one type two cell per alveolus

Question 46

in enphysema what happens to surface area

Answer 46

surface area of alveoli are decreased thus decreasing gas exchange (CO2 has troubles getting out and O2 has troubles getting in)

Question 47

what happens in chronic bronchitis

Answer 47

can lead to the accumulation of mucus and you can get scarring after chronic infections that will narrow the openings making respiration harder