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Human Body Lecture > Chapter 10 Respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

ventilation

A

first step of respiration

-process of getting air into the actual lungs

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2
Q

respiration

A

getting O2 from lungs into the blood

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3
Q

perfusion

A

how much blood flow is going through an organ

-when we perfuse more blood we will get a higher concentration of gas exchange

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4
Q

shunt

A

prevents an organ from getting as much blood

  • under control of the autonomic nervous system
  • the sympathetic nervous system probably wont push blood to kidneys
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5
Q

quiet exhalation

A

thoracic cavity naturally contracts and air naturally goes out

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

production of atp within the cell

-getting O2 from blood to cell

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7
Q

external respiration

A

getting O2 into the blood

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8
Q

gas exchange between the outside environment and the body cells requires 4 main steps

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport in blood
internal respiration

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9
Q

gas exchange between the internal and external environment occurs at the r

A

respiratory membrane

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10
Q

rate and efficiency of gas exchange is impacted by what

A
  • concentration gradients across resp membrane
  • air quality and air comp (level of humidity)
  • atmospheric pressure
  • RBC # and quality
  • edema
  • autonomic tone
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11
Q

blood ph in a normal human is 7.4 this is maintained by ______ and _____ systems and monitored constantly by the _______.

A

respiratory and renal systems
monitored by the hypothalamus
also maintained by a buffering system

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12
Q

what processes in the body produce H+

A

lactic acid production

  • cellular respiration
  • metabolism
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13
Q

How is H+ removed by the respiratory system?

A

respiratory and renal system

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14
Q

what happens to blood pH if CO2 cannot be efficiently removed? acidocis or alkalosis?

A

acidosis

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15
Q

exposed mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract increase evaporative heat loss that is beneficial in _______ and detrimental in _____ air.

A

beneficial in warm moist air

detrimental in cold dry air

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16
Q

what is the majority of gas we breathe?

A

nitrogen

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17
Q

what does higher water vapor do to gas exchange

A

impedes gas exchange and diffusion at the respiratory membrane

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18
Q

during times of high sympathetic tone what happens to capillaries

A

we will open more capillaries that surround the alveoli and then we allow more blood to perfuse through the lung tissues so we can get more O2 and diffuse more CO2

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19
Q

during times of high parasympathetic tone

A

we don’t need to oxygenate the blood or blow off as much CO2 so you shunt the blood away from the lungs and toward other areas of the body

20
Q

what happens to the blood with too much CO2

A

becomes acidic

21
Q

what happens to the blood with too little CO2

A

becomes alkalitic

-alkalosis

22
Q

what would cause an alveoli to collapse?

A

trauma
or spontaneously collapsing
higer outside so a knife creates a hole or air to rush to the inside and pushes on the spongy tissue and it collapses so all the air in the lung is pushed out

23
Q

what happens if our blood becomes to acidic?

A

proteins become denatured

24
Q

what at the two chemoreceptors that detect pH

A

central chemoreceptor- in the brain tissue itself

  • peripheral chemoreceptor- in the large arteies
  • they both detect the H+ ion concentration
25
Q

if we blow off CO2 what happens to the amount of hydrogen in our blood?

A

hydrogen concentration goes down

-so when hydrogen goes down the pH level goes up

26
Q

if you have too many H+ ions in the blood what are you producing

A

carbon dioxide

27
Q

functions of the upper respiratory tract

A

ventilation, olfaction, thermoregulation, phonation

28
Q

structures of the upper respiratory tract are all a part of the ______ zone and are not involved in gas exchange

A

conducting zone

29
Q

respiratory epithelial lining the sinuses contain goblet cells which secrete _______. and also have ciliated cells which _______.

A

goblet cells secrete mucous

ciliated cells beat

30
Q

if mucus accumulates in the sinuses it causes what

A

infection because of the warm moist environment

31
Q

accumulation of mucus is caused by:

A

the closing of the ostia

  • reduction of cilia beating due to smoking
  • dehydration
  • cystic fibrosis
32
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

have a mutation that impacts their chloride channels

-really thick mucous so the cilia cannot move

33
Q

the lower respiratory tract is involved in both _____ and _____

A

conduction and respiration

34
Q

factors influencing gas diffusion

A

partial pressures of gas
number of molecules
temperature
volume of container

35
Q

the goal of the respiratory system is to maintain ____ gas pressue in the alveolus and _____ gas pressure in the blood.

A

high gas pressure in alveolus and low gas pressure in blood

36
Q

equilibrium is prevented due to

A

ventilation of lungs

  • binding of proteins in the blood : hemoglobin
  • perfusion and flow in capillaries
37
Q

what would happen if blood flow stopped

A

we would reach equilibrium

38
Q

at the same pressure you have less O2 in a Hb molecule for some reason the Hb cant hold onto its O3 what does this cause

A

an increase in core body temp

39
Q

Hb holds onto O2 really tight and doesn’t want to let go this causes what

A

a decrease in core body temp eventually hypothermia

40
Q

alveoli is located in the _____ zone

A

respiratory zone

41
Q

alveolar type 1 cells

A

main sites for gas exchange

42
Q

alveolar type 2 cells

A

produce surfactant and can function as stem cells

43
Q

clara cells

A

produce proteins to protect from toxins and regenerate type 2 cells

44
Q

what would cause the resp membrane to thicken?

A

edema
-air pollution
smoking

45
Q

there is only ____ type two cell per alveolus

A

one type two cell per alveolus

46
Q

in enphysema what happens to surface area

A

surface area of alveoli are decreased thus decreasing gas exchange (CO2 has troubles getting out and O2 has troubles getting in)

47
Q

what happens in chronic bronchitis

A

can lead to the accumulation of mucus and you can get scarring after chronic infections that will narrow the openings making respiration harder

Human Body Lecture (15 decks)

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