Chapter 10 - Structure and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds

Question 1

organic molecules

Answer 1

compounds containing carbon atoms linked to each other, and to other non-metallic atoms by covalent bonds

Question 2

saturated molecule

Answer 2

single bonds only

Question 3

unsaturated molecule

Answer 3

one or more carbon to carbon double or triple bonds

Question 4

hydrocarbon

Answer 4

compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only

Question 5

molecular formula

Answer 5

gives actual number and type of atoms present in molecule

Question 6

structural formula

Answer 6

represents 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 7

semistructural formula

Answer 7

condensed formula that summarises structural formula in single line

Question 8

isomers

Answer 8

molecules that contain the same number and type of atoms, arranged in different ways

Question 9

structural isomers

Answer 9

have the same molecular formulas of atoms in a molecule.

chain and positional

Question 10

chain isomers

Answer 10

difference in the branching of the hydrocarbon chain

Question 11

positional isomers

Answer 11

functional group in a different location on the carbon chain

Question 12

stereoisomers

Answer 12

isomer where atoms in 2 molecules are connected in same order, but have different arrangements.
optical and geometric

Question 13

optical isomers

Answer 13

different placement of groups around one atom in a molecule

Question 14

chiral

Answer 14

not superimposable on its mirror image.

no plane of symmetry

Question 15

chiral centre

Answer 15

carbon atom attached to 4 different groups

Question 16

enantiomers

Answer 16

pair of chiral molecules

Question 17

geometric isomers

Answer 17

occurs when theres restricted rotation in molecule.
carbon to carbon double bond.
cis and trans

Question 18

cis isomers

Answer 18

groups on same side.

longest alkyl group attached to same side of double bond

Question 19

trans isomers

Answer 19

groups on opposite sides.

longest alkyl groups attached to opposite sides of double bond

Question 20

homologous series

Answer 20

series of organic compounds in which each member of the group differs from the previous member by a -CH2 unit

Question 21

alkanes

Answer 21

hydrocarbons with only single bonds.
non-polar.
saturated.
CnH2n+2

Question 22

cyclohexane

Answer 22

carbon atoms formed in a ring (cyclic)

Question 23

cyclic molecules

Answer 23

molecule that form rings

Question 24

alkenes

Answer 24

hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
non-polar.
unsaturated.
CnH2n

Question 25

alkynes

Answer 25

hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds.
unsaturated.
CnH2n-n

Question 26

benzene

Answer 26

unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon molecule.
C6H6.
4th electron is delocalised around all carbons

Question 27

functional group

Answer 27

atom or group of atoms in organic molecules that largely determines the molecules properties and reactions

Question 28

haloalkanes

Answer 28

derived from alkanes, in which a hydrogen atom is replaced with a halogen atom

Question 29

alcohols

Answer 29

contain the hydroxyl (-OH) group

Question 30

primary alcohol

Answer 30

carbon bonded to the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group

Question 31

secondary alcohol

Answer 31

carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to two alkyl groups

Question 32

tertiary alcohol

Answer 32

carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to three alkyl groups

Question 33

primary amines

Answer 33

contains the amino (-NH2) functional group

Question 34

aldehydes

Answer 34

contains the carbonyl (C=O) group bonded to a hydrogen on one end of the molecule.
recognised by presence of -CHO group at one end on structural formula

Question 35

ketones

Answer 35

contains the carbonyl functional group (C=O) within carbon chain

Question 36

carboxylic acid

Answer 36

contain the carboxyl group (-COOH).

always located at end of chain

Question 37

amides

Answer 37

contains the (-CONH-) group.
always located at end of chain

Question 38

esters

Answer 38

contain ester (-COO-) group.
located within chain