Chapter 10 - Structure and Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Flashcards
organic molecules
compounds containing carbon atoms linked to each other, and to other non-metallic atoms by covalent bonds
saturated molecule
single bonds only
unsaturated molecule
one or more carbon to carbon double or triple bonds
hydrocarbon
compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only
molecular formula
gives actual number and type of atoms present in molecule
structural formula
represents 3D arrangement of atoms in a molecule
semistructural formula
condensed formula that summarises structural formula in single line
isomers
molecules that contain the same number and type of atoms, arranged in different ways
structural isomers
have the same molecular formulas of atoms in a molecule.
chain and positional
chain isomers
difference in the branching of the hydrocarbon chain
positional isomers
functional group in a different location on the carbon chain
stereoisomers
isomer where atoms in 2 molecules are connected in same order, but have different arrangements.
optical and geometric
optical isomers
different placement of groups around one atom in a molecule
chiral
not superimposable on its mirror image.
no plane of symmetry
chiral centre
carbon atom attached to 4 different groups
enantiomers
pair of chiral molecules
geometric isomers
occurs when theres restricted rotation in molecule.
carbon to carbon double bond.
cis and trans
cis isomers
groups on same side.
longest alkyl group attached to same side of double bond
trans isomers
groups on opposite sides.
longest alkyl groups attached to opposite sides of double bond
homologous series
series of organic compounds in which each member of the group differs from the previous member by a -CH2 unit
alkanes
hydrocarbons with only single bonds.
non-polar.
saturated.
CnH2n+2
cyclohexane
carbon atoms formed in a ring (cyclic)
cyclic molecules
molecule that form rings
alkenes
hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond.
non-polar.
unsaturated.
CnH2n
alkynes
hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds.
unsaturated.
CnH2n-n
benzene
unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon molecule.
C6H6.
4th electron is delocalised around all carbons
functional group
atom or group of atoms in organic molecules that largely determines the molecules properties and reactions
haloalkanes
derived from alkanes, in which a hydrogen atom is replaced with a halogen atom
alcohols
contain the hydroxyl (-OH) group
primary alcohol
carbon bonded to the -OH group is only attached to one alkyl group
secondary alcohol
carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to two alkyl groups
tertiary alcohol
carbon bonded to the -OH group is also bonded to three alkyl groups
primary amines
contains the amino (-NH2) functional group
aldehydes
contains the carbonyl (C=O) group bonded to a hydrogen on one end of the molecule.
recognised by presence of -CHO group at one end on structural formula
ketones
contains the carbonyl functional group (C=O) within carbon chain
carboxylic acid
contain the carboxyl group (-COOH).
always located at end of chain
amides
contains the (-CONH-) group. always located at end of chain
esters
contain ester (-COO-) group. located within chain
