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Chemistry > Chapter 1 - Fuels > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Fuels Flashcards

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1
Q

fuel

A

substance with stored chemical energy that can be released relatively easily for us as heat or power

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2
Q

fossil fuels

A

produced over thousands of years by the breakdown of organic material at high temperatures and pressures underground

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3
Q

non-renewable

A

used faster than it can be replaced

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4
Q

formation of fossil fuels

A

from buried ancient plants and animals

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5
Q

coal

A

mixture of large molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.
non-renewable

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6
Q

crude oil

A

mixture of hydrogen molecules that are mostly members of the homologous series of alkanes.
non-renewable.
separated by fractional distillation

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7
Q

fractional distillation

A

uses heat to seperate a mixture into a number of different fractions or parts

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8
Q

natural gas

A

composed of methane together with small amounts of other hydrocarbons

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9
Q

fracking

A

extraction of natural gas from coal or shale deposits.

used to fracture rock or coal to release gas

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10
Q

liquified petroleum gas

A

mixture of propane and butane operated from natural gases or crude oil.
non-renewable

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11
Q

biofuels

A

renewable fuels derived from plant materials, vegetable wastes and oils

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12
Q

renewable

A

can be replaced as fast as they’re used

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13
Q

bioethanol

A

made from fermenting the sugar and starch components of plants using yeast

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14
Q

fermentation

A

enzyme catalysed breakdown of starch to glucose

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15
Q

biogas

A

gas formed by the anaerobic breakdown of organic waste

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16
Q

biodiesel

A

mixture of long-chain alkyl esters derived from vegetable oil or animal fat

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17
Q

energy content

A

chemical energy in a substance

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18
Q

energy transformation

A

energy converted from one form to another

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19
Q

energy efficiency

A

percentage of energy converted to useful energy

20
Q

combustion

A

substance burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
thermal energy released

21
Q

energy transformations in burning coal

A 
chemical energy in coal.
thermal energy of burning coal.
thermal energy of stream.
mechanical energy of turbine.
electrical energy from generator
22
Q

efficiency of electricity from coal

A

30-40%

23
Q

efficiency of electricity from natural gas

A

40%

24
Q

petrol

A

mixture of hydrocarbons including octane

25
Q

greenhouse gas

A

gas that is able to absorb and radiate heat radiation and contribute to greenhouse effect

26
Q

examples of greenhouse gases

A

water vapour.
methane.
carbon dioxide.

27
Q

greenhouse effect

A

sun heats the earths surface and some heat radiated back into atmosphere

28
Q

enhanced greenhouse effect

A

increasing levels of greenhouse gases causing global warming and climate shift

29
Q

fuels that produce carbon dioxide when burnt

A

coal, natural gas, LPG, petrol, ethanol

30
Q

carbon neutral

A

process that absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide as it generates

31
Q

advantages of coal

A

easily transported.

relatively high energy content

32
Q

advantages of natural gas

A

more efficient than coal for electricity production.
easily transported.
relatively high energy content

33
Q

advantages of biogas

A

renewable.
reduces waste disposal.
CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis

34
Q

advantages of petrol

A

high energy content.

ease of transport

35
Q

advantages of LPG

A

low cost.
relatively high energy content.
fewer particles than petrol

36
Q

advantages of bioethanol

A

renewable.
CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis.
fewer particles than petrol

37
Q

disadvantages of coal

A

non-renewable.

high level of emissions

38
Q

disadvantages of natural gas

A

non-renewable.

polluting but less than coal and petrol

39
Q

disadvantages of biogas

A

low energy content.

supply of waste raw materials limited

40
Q

disadvantages of petrol

A

non-renewable.
polluting but less than petrol.
limited reserves

41
Q

disadvantages of LPG

A

non-renewable.

polluting but less than petrol

42
Q

disadvantages of bioethanol

A

lower energy content than petrol.

may require farmland otherwise used for food production

43
Q

petrodiesel

A

produced from crude oil by fractional distillation

44
Q

transesterification

A

process in which triglyceride reacts with an alcohol to form esters

45
Q

viscosity

A

measure of liquids resistance to flow

46
Q

cloud point

A

measure of performance at low temperature.

temperature at which small crystals start to form

47
Q

hygroscopic

A

substance that absorbs water easily

Chemistry (18 decks)

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