Chapter 10: Social Work and Sexual and Gender Diversity

Question 1

What is gender identity?

Answer 1

An individual’s subjective sense of self as male, female, or across a gender spectrum.

Question 2

What is sexual identity?

Answer 2

Pattern of romantic and/or sexual attraction to men and/or women, which reflects an individual’s sense of personal and social identity, often (but not always) aligned with a person’s sexual behaviour and membership within communities who share this social identity.

Question 3

What is two spirited?

Answer 3

Emerged from interpretations of Indigenous languages used during the pre-colonial era for people who were considered to have both male and female spirits (Meyer Cook, 2008).
Being reclaimed by Indigenous Peoples today to acknowledge the effects of colonialism and the social roles of two-spirited and LGBTQ people within First Nations (Meyer Cook, 2008).

Question 4

What is gender expression?

Answer 4

How an individual expresses their gender identity.

Question 5

What is gender non-conforming?

Answer 5

Gender non-conforming includes individuals whose sex/gender assigned at birth does not align with their gender expression and/or identity.

Question 6

What is transsexual/transgender?

Answer 6

When an individual’s sex/gender assigned at birth differs from their gender identity.
Oftentimes people who identify as a transsexual woman or man undergo hormone-replacement therapy or sex reassignment surgery.
Debate and differences of opinion exist related to ways that both terms are utilized, depending on language and geographic contexts.
Transgender is commonly referred to as an umbrella term.

Question 7

What is transfeminine/ transmasculine?

Answer 7

These terms recognize that gender is not binary and that trans people can be assigned male or female at birth (AMAB/AFAB) and self-identify as trans within the transfeminine or transmasculine spectrum.
Refers to individuals who understand their gender identity and physical sex as aligned and therefore do not identify as trans, non-binary, or gender non-conforming (Serano, 2007).

Question 8

What is cissexual/cisgender?

Answer 8

The term cis is used to identify someone who is not trans or gender non-conforming.

Question 9

What is intersex?

Answer 9

An individual whose biological body has both male and female characteristics as understood by conventional medical standards.

Question 10

What is non-binary?

Answer 10

The term non-binary signifies that gender identity exists beyond the gender binary of (cis) men and women.
A person can be AMAB/AFAB and self-identify as non-binary on the transmasculine or transfeminine spectrum.
The term they can be used as an English language gender-neutral pronoun.

Question 11

How many states have death penalty for nonsexual acts between men?

Answer 11

8

Question 12

How many states have laws that criminalize same-gender sexual activety against men and how many apply this to women?

Answer 12

• 72/124

- 45

Question 13

How many states have unequal age of consent for same gender sexual activity?

Answer 13

16 (Including us)

Question 14

How many states have workplace discrimination laws?

Answer 14

72

Question 15

How many states allow:

• same gender marriage?
• offer partial partnership rights?
• Same gender adoption?

Answer 15

• 22
• 28
• 27

Question 16

What did indigenous people believe about two-spirit people?

Answer 16

being given the gift of two spirits meant that this individual had the ability to see the world from two perspectives at the same time

Question 17

What did the 1906 Immigration Act say about homosexuality?

Answer 17

Immigration Act of 1906 explicitly excluded people who were convicted of the crime of “moral turpitude,” which included sexual immorality, “sodomy,” and gender non-conforming behaviour

Question 18

What number of police reported hate crimes targeted LGBTQIA in 2010? And overall percent of violent crimes affecting gay people?

Answer 18

• 218/1401

- 10%

Question 19

What is a microagression?

Answer 19

Verbal, behavioural, or environmental indignities, intentional or unintentional, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative slights and insults.

Question 20

What is heterosexism?

Answer 20

The assumption that heterosexuality is natural and the norm and that any other form of sexual identity or expression is inferior.

Question 21

What is cisexism?

Answer 21

The belief that cissexuality is natural and the norm and that any other forms of gender identity and expression are inferior.

Question 22

What is internalized homophobia?

Answer 22

the acceptance and internalisation by members of oppressed groups of negative stereotypes and images of their groups, beliefs in their own inferiority, and concomitant beliefs in the superiority of the dominant group. This could be internalised in hurt and anger at being treated badly by members of the dominant group if accompanied by a belief that one deserves such treatment. (Smith, 1997, p. 289)

Question 23

What does intersexionality suggest about being oppressed?

Answer 23

intersectionality, which emerged from Black feminist activism and scholarship in the United States, suggests that people who are multiply oppressed experience entirely new and complex forms of marginalization.

Question 24

What are two main facets of intersectionality?

Answer 24

• Structural

- Political

Question 25

What is structural intersectionality?

Answer 25

occurs when the burdens faced by a specific group of multiply marginalized people result in particular systemic discriminatory practices within the realms of housing, employment, immigration, and health care

Question 26

What is political intersectionality?

Answer 26

ccurs when a specific group of people is situated within two subordinated groups that frequently pursue conflicting political agendas

Question 27

What are the 6 considerations about coming out?

Answer 27

• Safety
• Rejection
• exclusion
• loss of resources
• security
• violence

Question 28

Four negative consequences to bad mentalheathl?

Answer 28

• Depression
• Suicidal ideation
• addiction
• homelessness

Question 29

Two historical ways doctors would “treat” homosexuality?

Answer 29

• Adversion therapy

- Electroshock therapy

Question 30

What is gender dysphoria?

Answer 30

Identified within the DSM as a psychiatric disorder for those whose gender assigned at birth differs from their gender identity

Question 31

What is HIV?

Answer 31

It is a retrovirus that infects T-cells that are part of a person’s immune system and necessary for the body to fight off infections. The final stage of HIV infection is called AIDS

Question 32

Three factors to consider about rural areas for LGBTQ?

Answer 32

• limited healthcare/service
• Coming out in tight knit communities
• Practitionars may face challenges related to coming out

Question 33

5 steps in continuum of attitudes towards gender and sexual differences

Answer 33

• phiobia
• hetero/cissexism
• indifference
• tolerance
• solidarity

Question 34

What is institutional power?

Answer 34

Refers to the various forms of power that individuals hold based on their social location and position within a particular institution or agency.