Chapter 10 - Gender and Sex Flashcards
1
Q
Gender
A
- Set of cultural constructs describing characteristics related to femininity, masculinity, women, men, and gender diverse individuals, and social norms related to these characteristics
- Psychological experience of femaleness or maleness
2
Q
Biological sex
A
- Refers to biological femaleness, maleness, or intersex
3
Q
Gender identity
A
- The internal experience of femaleness, maleness, neither, or other genders
4
Q
Gender role
A
- The set of social and behavioural norms that are considered socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex in the context of a specific culture
5
Q
Phenotype
A
- Outward appearance or expression of a set of physical and behavioural traits, determined by genotype and environment
6
Q
Genotype
A
- Genetic constitution of an organism, determined by genetic components inherited from the organism’s parents
7
Q
Chromosomal sex
A
- Sex determined by the combination of sex chromosomes
8
Q
Gonadal sex
A
- Sex determined by the presence of gonads such as ovaries and testicles
9
Q
Hormonal sex
A
- Sex determined by levels of estrogens and androgens
10
Q
Heterosexism
A
- Default/what is seen as “normal”
- Assumes that homosexuality is abnormal and needs to be explained by pathology
- Prerequisite for homophobia
11
Q
Homophobia
A
- Discriminating/negative attitudes towards homosexuals
12
Q
Androgyny
A
- A person with male and female characteristics
13
Q
Gynophilc
A
- People who like women
14
Q
Androphilia
A
- People who like men
15
Q
Who introduced the notion of gender
A
- John Money in 1960s
16
Q
What does the SRY gene do
A
- The gene prompts the creation of a Y chromosome instead of a second X chromosome to make a male instead of a female
17
Q
What are the four determinants of biological sex
A
- Chromosomes - determine the gonads
- The gonads - produces the hormones
- The hormones - how we react creates our phenotype
- The phenotype - what our bodies look like
18
Q
The evolutionary psychology of gender differences
A
- Gender differences come from evolutionary processes that are meant to maximize reproductive fitness
- Suggests that since women are able to produce a limited amount of children, a woman’s sexual behaviour will be more conservative, with a lower sex drive and fewer partners and the opposite is true for men
19
Q
Social learning theory on gender
A
- Sex differences derive from what is learned from observing the sexual behaviours of others
- The learning environment includes not only humans but the media
- Some research found that woman were more susceptible to sexual stereotyping because they were more responsive to cultural influences
20
Q
Social structural theory on gender
A
- Gender differences from unequal power divisions between genders
- Men use privilege and power to sexually objectify and dehumanize women
- Women focus on acquiring mates with long term resources which women can’t really acquire on their own
21
Q
Janet Hyde’s 2005 theory
A
- Gender similarities hypothesis
- Males and females are more similar than different on all but a few variables, which include certain aspects of sexuality
- Men shower greater:
- Masturbation
- Porn use
- Casual sex behaviours
- Permissive attitudes towards casual sex
22
Q
Women and their sexual orientation
A
- Less likely to report being exclusively attracted to same sex
- More likely to identify as bi than men
- Women with more opposite sex partners are more likely to report same-sex behaviour
- Bi and gay women have more fluid sense of sexual identity
23
Q
Patterns of sexual response
A
- Women and men differ in response to sexual stimuli in two main ways
- Specificity of sexual arousal
- Sexual concordance
24
Q
Specificity of sexual arousal
A
- How specific of the things you are aroused by
- Ex: Just the penis
25
Q
Hermaphrodites
A
- Very rare in humans
- Have both male and female reproductive organs
25
Q
Sexual concordance
A
- Saying/Showing what we find arousing
- Ex: Saying something arouses you and having an erection because of it
26
Q
Intersex
A
- Individuals whose phenotype did not match a typical male or female patter
27
Q
Turner’s Syndrome (X0)
A
- Affects 1 in 2500 females
- Missing the second X in the XX makeup
- These women tend to be short, have underdeveloped breasts, have low sex drive, and are infertile
- Most identify as female and intersex
28
Q
Klinefelter’s Syndrome (XXY)
A
- Affects 1 in 500 to 1000 males
- Often undiagnosed until puberty
- May show breast development, small testes, shorter than average penises, low testosterone
- Many will not identify as male and may seek to gender transition (may be because they have the XX)
29
Q
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplaisa CAH
A
- Exposed, before birth, to high levels of androgens produced by the adrenal gland
- Cause varying degrees of virilization (developing male characteristics) in female genitals
- Condition may be diagnosed at puberty as they go through puberty differently
- CAH girls and boys may exhibit different interest or behaviour than their peers
30
Q
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
A
- Individuals have an XY karyotype but develop a female phenotype
- Mutations in the androgen - receptor genes precent the body tissue from masculinizing to some degree
- Complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) have female genitals and identify as heterosexual
- Women don’t typically know they have this until they have issues with fertility
31
Q
5-Alpha-reductase deficiency (5-ARD)
A
- Rare, but cases clustered in regions such as the Dominican Republic
- Enzyme deficiency means external genitals at birth are female
- At puberty, however, testosterone levels cause the testes to descend and masculinize the external genitals
- At this point, most 5-ARD individuals assume a male identity
- Basically they have testes that drop at puberty
32
Q
David Reimer
A
- Young child had his penis irreversibly damager in a circumcision accident
- They decided to take away his penis and raise him as a girl
- He later transitioned back to male and has lived a happy life since
33
Q
A
34
Q
What factors shape a child’s sense of gender identity and gender roles
A
- May be related to gender and socialization and operant conditioning
- Evidence from women with CAH suggest that androgen is related to preferring boy’s toys
- Studies where boys and girls are dressed the same girls were labeled as more emotional when playing with the boys
- Monkeys choose gendered toys that engender action or nurturance
35
Q
Gender variation in gay and lesbian women
A
- They recall a gender nonconforming childhood
36
Q
Gender variation in childhood and adolescence
A
- Children may also insist they are the other sex and their transgender identity usually continues into adolescence and adulthood
37
Q
What does Kenneth Zucker argue
A
- Gender dysphoric children should be encouraged to accept their birth sex and thus avoid later medical procedures, such as sex-reassignment surgery
38
Q
Trans Identities
A
- Trans people may express that they are trapped in the wrong body
- They feel that their gender identity is opposite to their biological gender
- Individuals whose gender identification and self-presentation does not conform to gender categories are gender queer
- The majority of transmen have sexual attraction to their biological sex and typically hid the development of their bodies in adolescences
- Transwomen fall into two main groups: starts in childhood or starts in puberty
39
Q
Autogynephilia
A
- The sensation of sexual arousal from the thought of being a woman
40
Q
Stages of transitioning
A
- Psychological and physical evaluation
- The real life experience involves living as the target gender for at least one year
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
- Sex-reassignment surgery
41
Q
Post-Surgery Outcomes
A
- Majority of transsexual people report being satisfied with their surgery and have an improved quality of after transitioning
42
Q
Diversities of sexual development (DSDs)
A
- A group of conditions in which the reproductive organs and/or genitals develop differently from what is expected
43
Q
Cloacal extrophy
A
- A rare developmental variation in which the abdominal organs are exposed and the genitals develop abnormally
44
Q
Virilization
A
- The biological development of sex differences, specifically changes that make a male body different from a female body
45
Q
Gender socialization
A
- The learning behaviour and attitudes considered appropriate for a given gender role
