Chapter 10

Question 1

A ___________ is a scientist who studies the classification and origin of all types of rocks.

Answer 1

petrologist

Question 2

The individual rock particles, crystals, and sometimes fossils that combine to give a rock its texture are known as _________

Answer 2

grains

Question 3

Many young-earth geologists think that the basement rocks created on the third day of Creation were probably ___________

Answer 3

igneous rocks

Question 4

Which rock contains the largest crystals, usually interlocking?

Answer 4

pegmatite

Question 5

____________ is a type of rock that is often light enough to float in water.

Answer 5

pumice

Question 6

_________ is a type of rock that is so smooth and shiny that it is called volcanic glass.

Answer 6

Obsidian

Question 7

Which type of rock is most closely tied to the process of erosion?

Answer 7

sedimentary

Question 8

Which of step would come between deposition and cementation in the formation of sedimentary rock?

Answer 8

compaction

Question 9

Which of the following does not belong with the other three?

1. clay
2. magma
3. pebbles
4. sand

Answer 9

magma

Question 10

Rocks formed from minerals precipitated from water are ______

Answer 10

nonclastic sedimentary rocks

Question 11

Fossils are usually found in ________ rock.

Answer 11

sedimentary

Question 12

A type of rock that appears to have been changed form its original form is called __________

Answer 12

metamorphic

Question 13

When hydrothermal fluids cause changes to occur in rocks that they are in contact with, _________ metamorphism has occurred.

Answer 13

chemical

Question 14

What is the possible correctly ordered sequence of shale, schist and slate changing from one type to another.

Answer 14

shale to slate to schist

Question 15

In the old-earth version of the rock cycle, most rocks will eventually

Answer 15

return to the mantle and melt

Question 16

_________ rocks are formed when molten rock cools and hardens

Answer 16

Igneous

Question 17

The term ___________ describes rocks that have crystals so small that you can’t see them with your eyes, and sometimes not even with a microscope.

Answer 17

aphanitic

Question 18

_________ are fragments of rocks that fuse together to form a larger rock.

Answer 18

Clasts

Question 19

_________ rocks form from bonded rock fragments or fossils that have been transported by water or wind or from the precipitation of minerals from supersaturated water solutions.

Answer 19

Sedimentary

Question 20

Deposits of halite that penetrate vertically through rock strata are called salt _________

Answer 20

domes

Question 21

__________ metamorphic rocks contain crystals in bands or parallel layers.

Answer 21

Foliated

Question 22

When limestone has undergone metamorphosis, it turns into __________.

Answer 22

marble

Question 23

In what ways do grains help scientists to identify rocks?

Answer 23

Rocks are classified on the basis of the size, shape, and pattern of their grains

Question 24

To what geologic event does the widespread existence of sedimentary rock testify?

Answer 24

Such widespread existence points to the Flood, that virtually all of the earth’s surface has experienced widespread catastrophic flooding.

Question 25

Why are nonclastic sedimentary rocks also properly called chemical sedimentary rocks?

Answer 25

Many nonclastic sedimentary rocks develop when chemicals precipitate out of solutions.

Question 26

What three conditions are thought to cause metamorphism in rocks?

Answer 26

Metamorphic rocks form when source rocks are exposed to extreme heat, pressure, or hot chemical solutions (hydrothermal fluids)

Question 27

an example of Intrusive igneous rock

Answer 27

granite or gabbro

Question 28

an example of extrusive igneous rock

Answer 28

basalt or andesite

Question 29

an example of clastic sedimentary rock

Answer 29

conglomerate or breccia

Question 30

an example of nonclastic sedimentary rock

Answer 30

limestone or chalk

Question 31

an example of foliated metamorphic rock

Answer 31

slate or gneiss

Question 32

an example of nonfoliated metamorphic rock

Answer 32

marble or quartzite

Question 33

True or False

The law of conservation of matter implies that the earth’s matter can change in form but not in mass

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False

Most rocks are a mixture of two or more minerals

Answer 34

True

Question 35

True or False

Fossils are commonly found in granite

Answer 35

False

Question 36

True or False

Large crystals are always formed deep underground from molten rock that has cooled slowly

Answer 36

False

Question 37

True or False

Old-earth geologists believe that it took millions of years for layers of sedimentary rocks to form.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

True or False
Some limestones are considered to be inorganic nonclastic sedimentary rocks while others are organic nonclastic or clastic sedimentary rocks

Answer 38

True

Question 39

True or False

Chalk is an organic sedimentary rock; that is , it formed from the remains of living organisms

Answer 39

True

Question 40

True or False

Cement and concrete are composed mainly of igneous rocks

Answer 40

False

Question 41

True or False

Some metamorphic rocks can be changed into other metamorphic rocks through metamorphism.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or False

The traditional rock cycle fits better with an old-earth worldview than a young-earth view

Answer 42

True

Question 43

True or False

Sedimentary rocks are the starting material for most versions of the rock cycle.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

List three different reasons why organisms might live under rocks.

Answer 44

Rocks provide protection from many larger predators. A rock helps to moderate extreme swings in temperature and humidity. Many organisms feed on other things that are found beneath rocks. Some animals stash food under rocks to store up for later.

Question 45

For each of the three main types of rock, list one example of a rock that has been used in building construction.

Answer 45

Igneous examples include granite and basalt. Limestone and tuff (breccia) are sedementary building materials. Metamorphic building materials include marble and slate.

Question 46

Distinguish between regional, contact and dynamic metamorphism.

Answer 46

Regional metamorphism occurred on a large scale within tectonic zones. Contact metamorphism is more limited and occurs around sills, dikes, and other regions where hot magma and lava contact other rocks. Dynamic metamorphism is probably the most rapid, is also limited in scope, and may still occur, most often along active faults.