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Anatomy > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Treactive to stimuli from nervous system or environment, generate electrical mechanical response

A

excitability

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2
Q

cells actively shorten (contract) upon stimulation, generates tension

A

contractility

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3
Q

cells can length (extend) when pulled

A

extensibility

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4
Q

tendency to rebound (recoil) to some resting length after contraction or extension

A

elasticity

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5
Q 
multinucleate
voluntary movement
no center nucleus
striated pattern
long, cylindrical
A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q 
intercalated discs
uninucleate cells, central
branching pattern
involuntary
walls of heart
striations
A

cardiac muscle

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7
Q 
spindle=shaped
no striations
central nucleus
form layers/sheets of cells
involuntary
blood vessels, hollow organs
A

smooth

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8
Q

surrounded by epimysium.

bundle of fascicles, each surrounded by perimysium

A

whole muscle

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9
Q

bundle of cells, each surrounded by endmysium

A

fascicle

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10
Q

contains cylindrical bundles of proteins

A

cell

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11
Q

bundle of proteins

A

myofibril

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12
Q

surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

A

epimysium

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13
Q

surrounds the muscle fascicle (group of cells)

A

perimysium

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14
Q

surrounds the cells within the muscle fascicle

A

endomysium

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15
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A 
body movement
posture
temperature regulation
storage and movement of materials
support
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16
Q

multiple fascicles housing many muscle fibers, connective tissue coverings, blood vessels, nerve fibers

A

muscle

covered by epimysium

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17
Q

a bundle of muscle fibers separated from other bundles of fibers by a dense irregular connective tissue covering

A

fascicle

covered by perimysium

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18
Q

elongated, multinucleate, cylindrical fiber, contains myofibrils, separated from other fibers

A

muscle fiber

covered by endomysium

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19
Q

long, cylindrical contractile element within muscle fiber; composed of myofilaments; exhibits striations

A

myofibril

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20
Q

short contractile proteins of two types: thick (myosin) and thin (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin)

A

myofilaments

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21
Q

attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

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22
Q

tendon forms a thin, flattened sheet

A

aponeurosis

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23
Q

less mobile attachment

A

origin

24
Q

more mobile attachment

A

insertion

25
Q

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

A

sarcolemma

26
Q

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

A

sarcoplasm

27
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber

stores Ca2+ for muscle contraction

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with the transverse tubules

A

terminal cisternae

29
Q

narrow, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm, contacting the terminal cisternae; wrapped around myofibrils

A

transverse tubules

30
Q

protein myofilament composed of myosin

A

thick filament

31
Q

protein myofilament composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

A

thin filament

32
Q

alternating arrangement of thick and thin filaments give what appearance?

A

striations

33
Q

where are the myosin held together at?

A

M line on thick myofilaments

34
Q

where are the actin held together?

A

Z line on thin filaments

35
Q

sacromeres are arranged in series from what line to what line?

A

Z to Z line

36
Q

The skeletal muscle is surrounded by what layer?

A

epimysium

37
Q

The muscle fascicle is surrounded by what layer?

A

perimysium

38
Q

The muscle fiber is surrounded by what layer?

A

endomysium

39
Q

the myofibril is surrounded by what layer

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

-consists of sarcomeres (Z to Z)

40
Q

neurons that are connected to skeletal muscle cells are

A

motor neurons

41
Q

place where neuron connects to muscle cell

A

neuromuscular junction

42
Q

motor unit

A

the neuron + muscle cells it controls

43
Q

what causes the release of calcium

A

stimulation of a muscle cell by a motor neuron from the SR into the cytoplasm

44
Q

calcium triggers?

A

a cycle of activity (called the cross bridge cycle) that will bring Z lines of sarcomeres closer together

45
Q

cross bridge cycling

A

involves interaction of muscle proteins (actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin) and requires ATP for energy

46
Q

type 1 fibers

A

slow, oxidative

-small, slower contracting, dark (red), good at aerobic metabolism (fatigue resistant), low force generation

47
Q

type 2B fibers

A

fast, glycolytic

-big fast contracting, pale (white), good at anaerobic metabolism (easily fatigued), high force generation

48
Q

type 2A fibers

A

fast, oxidative

-somewhere in between “intermediate”, fast contracting but somewhat fatigue resistant, medium force generation

49
Q

circular pattern

A

orbicularis

around an opening, sphincter

50
Q

parallel pattern

A

run parallel to long axis of muscle

biceps brachii muscle

51
Q

convergent muscle

A

fibers converge on single tendon and muscle often triangular

pectoralis muscles

52
Q

pennate

A

fibers attached to tendon at oblique angle; like a feather

unipennate: extensor digitorum muscle
bipennate: rectus femoris muscle
multi: deltoid muscle

53
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • electrically interconnected with one another
  • intercalated discs contain ion channels
  • electrical activity can easily spread from cell to cell
54
Q

characteristics of smooth muscles

A
  • cells arranged in sheets (not bundles)
  • spindle shaped
  • one nucleus
  • actin is attached to dense bodies
  • myosin scattered throughout cell
  • adjacent cells bound together physically and are electrically coupled
55
Q

contraction of smooth muscle

A
  • causes shortening and twisting
  • contraction slow, smooth, sustained and resistant to fatigue
  • involuntarily controlled

Anatomy (14 decks)

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