CHAPTER 1: VITAMINS, MINERALS, ELECTROLYTES, NUTRIENTS Flashcards
What is the function of a carb?
i. Provide energy
ii. Regulate fat and protein metabolism
iii. Cardiac and central nervous system functioning
What does fiber do and how many grams of fiber should women and men have a day?
adds bulk to feces, increases peristalsis and decreases the r/f cancer; 25 G/DAY (FEMALE) 38 G/DAY (MALES
What is the function of a protein?
Tissue building, metabolism, immune function, neutral nitrogen balance
i. Also, super important for wound healing
What are 2 examples of protein energy malnutrition conditions?
i. Kwashiorkor
ii. Marasmus
What is a sign of a protein deficiency?
ankle edema
What education should you provide to overweight patients?
i. Limit MEAT intake to 5oz per day!!
ii. Egg yolks to 3x per week
iii. Cheeses with 3 grams of fat max
iv. 2 grams of saturated fat max
What is the function of fats?
stored energy, padding insulation, hormone production, and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
What should cholesterol limits be in a day?
limited to 200-300 mg/day
What is vitamin B1 and its function?
thiamin; helps convert food into energy and is critical in nerve function
What is vitamin B2 and its function?
riboflavin; helps convert food into energy and supports healthy skin, hair, blood and brain
What is vitamin B3 and its function?
niacin; helps convert food into energy and is essential for healthy nervous system
What is vitamin B6 and its function?
pyridoxine; helps make RBCs and improves sleep, appetite and mood
What is vitamin B7 and its function?
biotin; helps convert food into energy and breaks down glucose
What is vitamin B9 and its function?
folate; vital for new cell creation and DNA synthesis - pregnant women must have adequate folic acid intake (fetal neural tube)
What is vitamin B12 and its function?
cobalamin; RBC maturation
_______ is carb, fat, and protein metabolism
Pantothenic Acid
What is the function of vitamin C?
tissue building, metabolism, and iron absorption***
What are some foods that contain a lot of vitamin C?
- citrus fruits and juices
- tomatoes
- green leafy vegetables
- peppers
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin C deficiency and what is its s/sx?
scurvy; bleeding, joint pain, and swollen gums
may need to increase intake of Vitamin C during times of stress and illness or if you smoke
These vitamins are crucial to metabolism, energy and nerve functioning
B complex Vitamins
What are some foods that contain a lot of B complex vitamins?
- meats
- milk
- enriched grains
- whole grains
- legumes or beans
- green leafy vegetables
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B1 deficiency?
Beriberi; common in alcohol use disorder
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B2 deficiency?
- Cheilosis (cracking at corners of the mouth)
- Glossitis (smooth swollen red tongue)
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B9 deficiency?
neural tube defects in utero
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B12 deficiency?
pernicious anemia; vegans have problems getting enough B12
• Also, those lacking intrinsic factor in their gut and if you don’t have it you aren’t absorbing it
What condition occurs when you have a vitamin B3 deficiency?
pellagra (sun-sensitive lesions)
What risk do fat soluble vitamins carry?
risk of toxicity because they are stored in the body for a long time, so you can overdose of fat soluble
What conditions impair the absorption of fat soluble vitamins?
o Cystic Fibrosis
o Celiac Disease
o Crohn’s
What are the functions of vitamin A?
important in vision health, plays a role in skeletal and soft tissue development and strength
What foods contain a lot of vitamin A?
- orange and yellow fruits and veggies (carrots, apricots, and cantaloupe)
- fatty fish
- eggs
- liver
- dairy products
A vitamin A deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
- vision issues
- xerophthalmia (dry or thickening cornea or conjunctiva)
What are the functions of vitamin D?
super important in absorption of calcium and phosphorus, key role in bone mineralization
What is the best source of vitamin D?
sunlight
What foods contain a lot of vitamin D?
- fortified milk
- fatty fish
- eggs
A vitamin D deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
rickets or bone loss
What are the functions of vitamin E?
serves as an antioxidant (protects cell from damage)
What foods contain a lot of vitamin E?
- fat containing foods (vegetable oil, nuts)
- dark green vegetables
- whole grains
A vitamin E deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
(rare) muscle pain, weakness, poor balance
What are the functions of vitamin K?
- blood clotting in the body
- bone maintenance
What foods contain a lot of vitamin K?
- dark green vegetables
- carrots
- eggs
A vitamin K deficiency can lead to what health issues/conditions?
increased bleeding time
What is the antidote for warfarin and coumadin?
vitamin K
What is a s/sx of hyponatremia?
- confusion (super common in elderly)
- muscle cramping
- fatigue
- N/V
- headache
What is the function of sodium in the body?
maintenance of the fluid balance in the body as well as nerve and muscle function
What are some sources of sodium?
salt and processed foods
What is the function of potassium in the body?
- maintains ICF (intracellular fluid balance)
- nerve function
- helps regulate muscle and heart contractions
What are some good sources of potassium?
- BANNANAS
- POTATOS
- TOMATOES
- ORANGES
- DRIED FRUIT
- AVOCADOS
- DARK GREEN VEGETABLES
What is the function of chloride in the body?
- digestion, maintain intracellular fluid balance
- extracellular fluid balance
What is a source of chloride?
salt
What is the function of calcium in the body?
super important for bone and teeth formation, nerve and muscle function, clotting, blood pressure
What are some sources of calcium?
- dairy products
- dark green vegetables
- fortified foods
- almonds***
- low fat yogurt
What are some s/sx of hypermagnesia?
N/V, hypotension, muscle weakness, lethargy, respiratory and cardiac arrest (everything goes down)
What are some s/sx of hypomagnesia?
dysthymias, tremors, seizures, confusion, and increased deep tendon reflexes (everything amps up)
What is the function of magnesium in the body?
- assist with nerve and muscle function
- bone formation
- critical for biochemical reactions
- smooth muscle relaxation
What are some sources of magnesium?
- nuts
- dark green vegetables
- whole grains
- meat and milk
What is the function of phosphorus in the body?
bone and teeth formation (along with calcium)
What are some sources of phosphorus?
- dairy (cheese products)
- dark green vegetables
- meat
- fish
- eggs
- legumes
How much iodine is recommended daily?
100-150mg
What is the function of iodine?
help in synthesis of thyroxine (thyroid hormone)
- when its too low = goiter; when its too high = thyroid storm
What are some sources of iodine?
- table salt
- seafood
What is the function of floride?
protects against cavities
What are some sources of floride?
water
What is the function of iron?
help make hemoglobin (component of RBC)
What are some sources of iron?
- meat (heme iron)
- fish
- grains
- legumes (non-heme iron)
What are some side effects of iron supplements?
▪ Constipation (increase fiber and fluid intake to compensate this)
▪ GI upset
▪ Tooth discoloration (if you take liquid preparations of iron so use a straw!)
** need more iron if pregnant, menstruating or those who are toddlers **
What increases and decrease the absorption of iron?
vitamin C; calcium
How do you give IM injections of iron?
Z tract method
What is the function of zinc?
immune function in the body
What are some good sources of zinc?
- nuts***
- meat***
- fortified cereal
- beans***
What is the recommended intake for water? What is the minimum intake for water?
2-3L/day; 1.5 L/day
** increase need if your an athlete, sick or in a hot climate **
What is sensible fluid loss?
Can be measured:
▪ Urine, vomit
What is insensible fluid loss?
Fluid loss from lungs, skin (sweating),respiratory tract, water excreted in the feces.
Who is at a greater risk for dehydration?
older adults and children
What are some s/sx of dehydration?
poor skin turgor, confusion, hypotension, decreased urine output, increased urine osmolality, dry mucous membranes, feeling thirsty
What are some good sources of fiber?
- oatmeal
- bran
- fatty meat
- whole grains
- fruits and seeds
- fruits with skin (apples, bananas, etc.)
What clinical manifestations are present in those with potassium imbalance?
EKG (dsyrhythmias)
What clinical manifestations are present in those with magnesium imbalance?
- seizure precautions
- LOC
- VS
What are the NI for those with phosphorus imbalance?
- ask about antacids and alcohol use
What is RDA?
Recommend daily allowance; amount of nutrient needed by health person at similar age, sex and health
What is EAR?
Estimated average requirements; amount of nutrient needed to meet basic health requirements of 1/2 specific population
What is AI?
Adequate intake; the amount of nutrient most people consume
What is UL?
Tolerable upper intake limit; max amount able to consume if nutrient has adverse effects
What is AMDR?
Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges; recommended % intake for macronutrients
What is the minimum amount of carbs needed in a day?
130g/day
