Chapter 1 Study Questions

Question 1

what are the two types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

plasma

interstitial fluid

Question 2

what is plasma?

Answer 2

fluid that surrounds blood cells in blood vessels

Question 3

what is interstitial fluid?

Answer 3

fluid that surrounds all other cells (ISF)

Question 4

fluid that surrounds blood cells in blood vessels

Answer 4

what is plasma?

Question 5

fluid that surrounds all other cells

Answer 5

what is interstitial fluid?

Question 6

what is the source of sweat?

Answer 6

ISF

Question 7

what is the source of ISF?

Answer 7

plasma fluid

Question 8

how is ISF replenished?

Answer 8

plasma fluid

Question 9

what effect can excessive sweating have on blood pressure?

Answer 9

increased sweating leads to further reduction in blood volume

Question 10

why does increased sweating lead to further reduction in blood volume?

Answer 10

lose fluid from plasma to restock ISF, we lose ISF when we sweat

Question 11

why does excessive sweating cause fainting?

Answer 11

low blood volume to the brain doesn’t deliver enough O2 and GLUCOSE to produce enough ATP to maintain conscious and subconscious neurological activity. lose fluid = low BP = low O2 and glucose = not enough ATP = no conscious and subconscious activity.

Question 12

how does heat disrupt cellular activity?

Answer 12

lose nervous stimulation of sweat glands and sweating stops.

without sweating, you lose the cooling effect.

the body temp can raise high enough to disrupt all cellular activity.

Question 13

heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke which can shut down sweating. why?

Answer 13

increased sweating leads to further reduction in blood volume.

low blood volume to the brain doesn’t deliver enough O2 and glucose to produce enough ATP to support conscious and subconscious neurological activity.

you lose nervous stimulation of sweat glands and sweating stops. without sweating, you lose cooling effect, and body temp can raise high enough to disrupt all cellular activity.

Question 14

what are the four types of diabetes?

Answer 14

1. Diabetes insipidus
2. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
3. Type 1
4. Type 2

Question 15

what are key features of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 15

Diabetes insipidus: passing lots of insipid/tasteless urine, due to inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the brain or lack of receptors for ADH in the kidneys.

Synthetic ADH given by injection or nasal spray.

Question 16

what are key features of Gestational diabetes mellitus?

Answer 16

• occurs during pregnancy
• cause is unknown
• obese women that are hyperglycemic often develop GDM early in the pregnancy
• euglycemic women who become pregnant and develop GDM, typically occurs between the late second to beginning of the third trimester

Question 17

what is peripheral insulin resistance, and what type of diabetes is it associated with?

Answer 17

• impaired glucose uptake by skeletal muscle
• GDM

Question 18

what are key features of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 18

• accounts for 5-10% of diabetic cases
• can no longer make insulin

Question 19

what are key features of Type 2 diabetes?

Answer 19

• most common form
• insulin receptors stop responding to insulin signaling

Question 20

risk of developing Type 2 diabetes is impacted by?

Answer 20

risk increases with age and increased weight

Question 21

how to diagnose diabetes?

Answer 21

measure fasting blood glucose levels

Question 22

two tests for diabetes?

Answer 22

1. Oral glucose tolerance test
2. Hemoglobin A1c test

Question 23

why does diabetes cause massive fluid loss?

Answer 23

excess glucose in the urine, glucose has OH- which makes it pick up lots of water

Question 24

what is the difference between risk and cause?

Answer 24

risk: condition or state that increases the likelihood of the cause to happen

cause: reason why the pathology occurs

Question 25

which types of diabetes does increased age and excessive weight increase the risk of onset?

Answer 25

Type 2

Question 26

what does a fasting blood glucose test indicate?

Answer 26

measures blood glucose not affected by a meal

Question 27

what is a glucose tolerance test and why is it given?

Answer 27

• patient given glucose bolus and blood glucose clearance is followed after 2-3 hours
• indirect measure of the insulin response. tells the endocrinologist how well the patient can process glucose.

Question 28

what is the process of glycation?

Answer 28

non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin

Question 29

what is hemoglobin A1C?

Answer 29

glycated hemoglobin. adult form of hemoglobin that has been glycated

Question 30

what does a hemoglobin A1C test tell the endocrinologist?

Answer 30

indicates how well the blood glucose level has been controlled over the past few months, aka higher than average or no.

relative level of blood glucose over time, to measure glycation rate.

Question 31

Type 1 diabetes is caused by…

Answer 31

immune system destroying insulin-producing pancreatic B-cells

Question 32

why does the immune response in Type 1 diabetes occur?

Answer 32

we don’t know dude

Question 33

name two things that increase the risk of developing T1D?

Answer 33

genetic susceptibility

environmental factors

Question 34

what may happen in viral infections with T1D?

Answer 34

viral infections may present an antigen that mimics a host cell protein

Question 35

T1D: certain genotypes for receptors….

Answer 35

on WBCs whose job is to recognize foreign antigens occur in a third to half of cases